Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Olgularının Yönetimi
Özet
Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu (OSB), sosyal-iletişimsel yetersizlikler ile tekrarlayıcı ve kısıtlı davranışlarla karakterize, bulguları erken yaşta başlayıp ömür boyu süren nörogelişimsel bir bozukluktur. Genetik ve çevresel faktörlerin etkileşimiyle gelişen OSB'nin prevalansı son yıllarda tanı kriterlerindeki değişim ve artan farkındalıkla birlikte dramatik şekilde yükselmiştir. OSB'li bireylerin %70'ine zihinsel yetersizlik eşlik etmekte olup, erkeklerde görülme oranı çok daha yüksektir. Vakaların genelinde yaşla semptom şiddeti azalsa da yetişkinlikte bağımsız bir yaşam sürebilme oranı %20 civarındadır; işlevselliği en çok zeka düzeyi, erken eğitim ve dil becerileri belirler. OSB'li bireylerde epilepsi, obezite ve hipertansiyon gibi kronik fiziksel hastalıkların yanı sıra en az %50 oranında psikiyatrik komorbiditeler (DEHB, anksiyete, duygudurum bozuklukları) görülür. Tedavi süreçleri multidisipliner bir ekiple yönetilmeli, farmakolojik müdahalelerde düşük doz ve yavaş titrasyon gözetilmelidir.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social-communicative deficits and repetitive, restricted behaviors, with symptoms beginning early in life and continuing lifelong. The prevalence of ASD, which develops through the interaction of genetic and environmental factors, has risen dramatically in recent years due to changes in diagnostic criteria and increased awareness. Intellectual disability accompanies 70% of individuals with ASD, and the prevalence is much higher in males. Although symptom severity decreases with age in most cases, the rate of independent living in adulthood is around 20%; functionality is primarily determined by IQ level, early education, and language skills. Individuals with ASD exhibit chronic physical conditions such as epilepsy, obesity, and hypertension, as well as psychiatric comorbidities (ADHD, anxiety, mood disorders) in at least 50% of cases. Treatment processes must be managed by a multidisciplinary team, and low doses and slow titration should be observed in pharmacological interventions.
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