Geçmişten Günümüze CAD/CAM Materiyalleri
Özet
Çağdaş diş hekimliğinde estetiği ve öngörülebilirliği koruyan CAD/CAM sistemleri, 1980'lerden bu yana aktif olarak kullanılmakta ve materyallerin hızlıca hasta tedavisinde yer almasını sağlamaktadır. Dijital diş hekimliğinde tercih edilen CAD/CAM blokları rezin içerikli seramik ve seramik olarak ikiye ayrılır. İlk kullanılan feldspatik seramik bloklar, doğal diş görünümü sağlama avantajıyla ön diş laminalarında tercih edilmektedir. Lösit ile güçlendirilmiş cam seramikler, lösit kristalleri sayesinde mikro çatlakları önleyerek insan dişine benzer dayanıklılık sunar. Daha dayanıklı olan lityum disilikat cam seramikler ise florapatit kristalleriyle estetiği artırır ve 850 ⁰C'de sinterlenerek kırılma direncini 400 MPa'a kadar çıkarır. Yapılarına zirkonyum eklenen zirkonyum ile güçlendirilmiş lityum disilikatlar ise yüksek kırılma dayanımı ve kolay frezlenebilme özelliği taşır. Seramik ve polimer ağ yapısını birleştiren hibrit seramik bloklar stresi absorbe ederek çatlakları engellerken, rezin matriks yapılı nanoseramik bloklar dentine en yakın elastiklik modülünü sunarak karşıt diş aşınmalarını azaltır ve yüksek kırılma direnci sağlar. İmplant üstü protezlerde geçici olarak kullanılan polimer bloklar mikro doldurucu akrilatlardan oluşurken, polimer kompozit yapıdaki hibrit kompozit bloklar ise özellikle ağız içi tamirlerde endikedir.
Contemporary dentistry embraces integrated treatments while preserving aesthetics, leveraging revolutionary CAD/CAM systems since the 1980s to provide predictable results and rapid material application in patient care. CAD/CAM blocks utilized in digital dentistry are categorized into resin-based ceramics and ceramics. Feldspathic ceramic blocks, the first introduced, offer excellent aesthetics and natural appearance for anterior single-unit laminas. Leucite-reinforced glass-ceramics mimic human teeth with their high resistance, where leucite crystals prevent micro-crack propagation. Exhibiting higher durability due to a denser crystal phase, lithium disilicate glass-ceramics feature fluorapatite crystals for enhanced aesthetics and undergo crystallization at 850 °C, increasing fracture resistance from 130 MPa up to 400 MPa. Zirconia-reinforced lithium disilicate ceramics combine easy milling with superior fracture resistance. Intertwining ceramic and polymer networks, hybrid ceramic blocks absorb functional stresses to inhibit cracking, whereas resin-matrix nanoceramic blocks provide the closest elasticity modulus to dentin, minimizing antagonist tooth wear while ensuring high fracture resistance. Lastly, polymer CAD/CAM blocks consisting of micro-filler acrylates are preferred as temporary implant-supported prostheses, while polymer-composite blocks function effectively in intraoral repairs.
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