Bir Yağ Dokusu Hormonu: Adiponektin
Özet
Adiponektin, yağ dokusundan salgılanan ve vücutta enerji metabolizması, insülin duyarlılığı ile enflamasyon süreçlerini düzenleyen kritik bir hormondur. İnsanlarda 244 amino asitten oluşan bu glikoprotein, plazmada diğer hormonlara göre oldukça yüksek seviyelerde bulunur ve üç farklı moleküler formda dolaşımda yer alır. Temel işlevlerini AdipoR1, AdipoR2 ve T-cadherin reseptörleri aracılığıyla gerçekleştiren adiponektin, iskelet kasında yağ asidi oksidasyonunu artırırken karaciğerde glukoneogenezi baskılayarak insülin direncini azaltır. Antienflamatuvar ve antiaterojenik özellikleriyle öne çıkan bu hormon, damar duvarını koruyarak ateroskleroz ve miyokard infarktüsü riskini düşürür. Ayrıca karaciğerde fibrozisi önleyici, bağırsak epitelini koruyucu ve yara iyileşmesini hızlandırıcı etkileri mevcuttur. Obezite, tip 2 diyabet ve metabolik sendrom gibi durumlarda plazma düzeyleri paradoksal olarak düşüş gösterir. Beyin üzerindeki etkileriyle gıda alımını ve enerji harcamasını da modüle eden adiponektin, günümüzde birçok kronik hastalığın tedavisinde potansiyel bir terapötik hedef olarak değerlendirilmektedir.
Adiponectin is a critical hormone secreted by adipose tissue that regulates energy metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and inflammatory processes in the body. This glycoprotein, consisting of 244 amino acids in humans, is found at considerably higher levels in plasma compared to other hormones and circulates in three different molecular forms. Performing its primary functions through AdipoR1, AdipoR2, and T-cadherin receptors, adiponectin reduces insulin resistance by increasing fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle while suppressing gluconeogenesis in the liver. Standing out for its anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties, this hormone protects the vascular wall, thereby reducing the risk of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. Additionally, it possesses effects that prevent liver fibrosis, protect the intestinal epithelium, and accelerate wound healing. In conditions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, its plasma levels paradoxically decrease. Also modulating food intake and energy expenditure through its effects on the brain, adiponectin is currently considered a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of various chronic diseases.
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