Endoskopik Spinal Cerrahi

Yazarlar

Bilal Türker
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5860-3443

Özet

Endoskopik spinal cerrahi, uzayan yaşam süreleriyle artan omurga operasyonlarında ileri yaş ve ek sağlık sorunları olan hastalar için az kanama riski, kas-kemik dokusunda minimum hasar ve hızlı iyileşme sunan modern bir yöntemdir. Tarihsel süreçte 1970'lerde Parviz Kambin'in başlattığı bu teknik, transforaminal yaklaşım için "güvenli bölge" tanımıyla gelişmiş; zamanla açılı optikler ve foramen genişletme drilleriyle güncellenmiştir. Cerrahi temelde monoportal, biportal veya çalışma kanüllü optik cihazlarla; anatomik olarak ise transforaminal, interlaminar ile servikal anterior-posterior yaklaşımlarla uygulanır. Transforaminal yolda hastaya prone pozisyonu verilip inferior vertebranın superior end plate'ine yakın iğne yerleştirilerek patolojiye ulaşılırken; iliak kanat engeli nedeniyle L5-S1 seviyesinde daha çok tercih edilen interlaminar yolda ligamentum flavum temizlenip traversing sinir kökü görülerek ilerlenir. Deneyimli ellerde nöral hasar riski oldukça düşük olsa da epidural basınç artışına bağlı baş ağrıları, dura yırtılması, enfeksiyon ve sinir kökü zedelenmesi gibi komplikasyonlar gelişebilir. Sonuç olarak, gelişen optik yetenekler sayesinde çevre dokulara neredeyse hiç zarar vermeyen bu görece yeni teknik, kısa hastanede kalış süresi ve hızlı işe dönüş gibi avantajlarıyla spinal cerrahide şimdiden önemli bir yer edinmiştir.

Endoscopic spinal surgery is a modern method that offers low bleeding risk, minimal damage to muscle-bone tissue, and rapid recovery for elderly patients with additional health problems in spine operations increasing with prolonged life expectancy. Historically initiated by Parviz Kambin in the 1970s, this technique evolved with the definition of a "safe zone" for the transforaminal approach and has been updated over time with angled optics and foramen widening drills. Surgery is basically performed with monoportal, biportal, or optic devices with a working cannula; anatomically, it is applied through transforaminal, interlaminar, and cervical anterior-posterior approaches. In the transforaminal approach, the patient is placed in the prone position and the pathology is reached by inserting a needle close to the superior endplate of the inferior vertebra, whereas in the interlaminar approach, which is more preferred at the L5-S1 level due to the iliac wing obstruction, the ligamentum flavum is cleared and the traversing nerve root is visualized to proceed. Although the risk of neural damage is very low in experienced hands, complications such as headaches due to increased epidural pressure, dural tears, infection, and nerve root damage may develop. In conclusion, thanks to developing optical capabilities, this relatively new technique, which causes almost no damage to surrounding tissues, has already gained an important place in spinal surgery with many advantages such as shorter hospital stays and faster return to work.

Referanslar

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Gelecek

8 Haziran 2022

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