Pankreas Hastalıklarında Eksozomlar
Özet
Eksozomlar (EXO), hücreler arası iletişimde kritik rol oynayan 30-200 nm boyutundaki küçük keseciklerdir. Pankreas kanseri patogenezinde, tümör kaynaklı eksozomların paradoksal olarak hem proapoptotik hem de anjiyogenezi teşvik edici etkileri bulunur. Özellikle tetraspanin8 ve CD44 ekspresyonu yoluyla tümör büyümesi ve metastaz süreçlerini modüle ederler. Diyabet bağlamında, bu veziküller insülin direncine aracılık etmekte ve Tip 1 diyabette otoimmün yanıtı tetikleyen otoantijenler taşımaktadır. Gestasyonel diyabette ise maternal-fetal iletişim ve immün tolerans üzerinde etkilidirler. Eksozomlar, koruyucu yapıları ve hücre özgü içerikleri sayesinde kan, idrar ve tükürük gibi sıvılardan izole edilerek pankreas hastalıklarının erken teşhisi ve prognoz takibinde minimal invaziv biyobelirteçler olarak yüksek potansiyel sunar. Ayrıca, genetik olarak modifiye edilmiş eksozomların hedefe yönelik ilaç taşıyıcıları olarak kullanılması, adacık nakli başarısını artırma ve anjiyogenezi engelleme gibi terapötik uygulamalar gelecek vaat etmektedir. Bu veziküllerin moleküler yüklerinin tam olarak karakterize edilmesi, pankreas hastalıklarının tedavisinde yeni ve etkili stratejiler geliştirmemize olanak sağlayacaktır.
Exosomes (EXOs) are small vesicles measuring 30-200 nm that play a critical role in intercellular communication. In the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer, tumor-derived exosomes paradoxically exhibit both proapoptotic and angiogenesis-promoting effects. They modulate tumor growth and metastasis processes, particularly through tetraspanin8 and CD44 expression. In the context of diabetes, these vesicles mediate insulin resistance and carry autoantigens that trigger autoimmune responses in Type 1 diabetes. In gestational diabetes, they influence maternal-fetal communication and immune tolerance. Thanks to their protective structure and cell-specific content, exosomes isolated from fluids such as blood, urine, and saliva offer high potential as minimally invasive biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis tracking of pancreatic diseases. Furthermore, therapeutic applications such as using genetically modified exosomes as targeted drug carriers, increasing the success of islet transplantation, and inhibiting angiogenesis show promise. Fully characterizing the molecular cargo of these vesicles will allow for the development of new and effective strategies in the treatment of pancreatic diseases.
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