Afazide Linguistik Temeller
Özet
Afazide dil mekanizmalarının nöral ve dil bilimsel temellerini ele alan bu çalışma, dil sisteminin anatomik bölgeden bağımsız olarak bir bütün halinde etkilendiğini ve süreçlerin sentaks, fonetik, semantik, pragmatik ile morfoloji çerçevesinde incelenmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Fonolojik düzeyde, afazili bireylerin artikülasyon ve algı sorunları nedeniyle sözcük üretiminde paradigmatik hatalar ve tutarsız örüntüler sergilediği, akıcı afazilerde ise işitsel işlemleme bozukluklarına bağlı fonemik parafazi ve hece sıralama yanlışlarının görüldüğü belirtilmektedir. Konuşmanın melodisi olan prozodi (suprasegmental fonoloji) bağlamında, Broca afazisi olan bireylerde anormal ritim, yavaşlama ve tümce sonu uzatmalarında temporal zamanlama eksiklikleri gözlenmiştir. Sözcük düzeyinde, fiillerin soyut ve dinamik doğası nedeniyle geri çağrılmasının isimlere kıyasla daha zor olduğu ve morfosentaktik özelliklerin agramatizmde farklı düzeylerde etkilendiği bildirilmektedir. Sentaktik işlemlemede, özellikle akıcı olmayan afazilerde ve Broca alanını içeren lezyonlarda karmaşık ve edilgen tümce yapılarını anlamada, ayrıca tematik rol atamalarında ciddi yetersizlikler (agramatizm) yaşanmaktadır. Buna karşılık Wernicke afazisinde, kurallı tümce oluşturma bilgisinin bozulduğu, karışık sözdizimi ve morfoloji içeren paragrammatizm ve anlamsız dil üretimiyle karakterize olan anlaşılmaz jargon afazisi türleri (semantik, fonemik, neologistik) ortaya çıkmaktadır. Kendi konuşmalarının farkında olmayan bu bireylerde görülen şiddetli iletişim bozukluğu, tedavi prognozunu olumsuz etkilemektedir.
This study, exploring the neural and linguistic foundations of language mechanisms in aphasia, demonstrates that the language system is affected as a whole regardless of the anatomical region, and these processes must be examined within the framework of syntax, phonetics, semantics, pragmatics, and morphology. At the phonological level, individuals with aphasia exhibit paradigmatic errors and inconsistent patterns in word production due to articulatory and perceptual deficits, while fluent aphasias show phonemic paraphasias and syllable misordering linked to impaired auditory processing. In the context of prosody (suprasegmental phonology), the melody of speech, individuals with Broca's aphasia display temporal timing deficits including abnormal rhythm, slowing, and failure in sentence-final lengthening. At the lexical level, due to the abstract and dynamic nature of verbs, their retrieval is reported to be more difficult compared to nouns, and morphosyntactic features are affected at varying degrees in agrammatism. In syntactic processing, particularly in non-fluent aphasias and lesions involving Broca's area, severe impairments (agrammatism) occur in understanding complex or passive sentence structures and in assigning thematic roles. Conversely, in Wernicke's aphasia, rule-based sentence construction knowledge is impaired, giving rise to paragrammatism with disordered syntax and morphology, as well as variants of incomprehensible jargon aphasia (semantic, phonemic, neologistic) characterized by meaningless language output. The severe communication deficits observed in these individuals, who are often unaware of their own speech errors, negatively affect the treatment prognosis.
Referanslar
Adam H. (2014). Dysprosody in aphasia: An acoustic analysis evidence from Palestinian Arabic. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 10, 1; 153-162.
Albustanji, Y., Miliman, L., Foxi, R., & Bourgeois, A. (2013). Agrammatism in Jordanian-Arabic speakers. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 27, 94–110.
Arslan, B. (2016) Broca afazisinde ve sekonder apraksinin eşlik ettiği Broca Afazisinde Sözdizimsel Çalkalamanın İşlemlenmesi, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.
Bauer, H. (1987). The frequency code: oral-facial correlates of fundamental frequency. Phonetica, 44; 173-191.
Baum, S., & Boyczuk, J. (1999). Speech timing subsequent to brain damage: Effects of utterance length and complexity. Brain and Language, 67, 30–45.
Baum, S., Pell, D., Leonard, C., & Gordon, J. (2001). Using prosody to resolve temporary syntactic ambiguities in speech production: acoustic data on brain-damaged speakers. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 15; 441–456
Berndt, R. S., & Caramazza, A. (1980). A redefinition of the syndrome of Broca’s aphasia: Implications for a neuropsychological model of language. Applied psycholinguistics, 1, 3; 225-278.
Berndt, R. S., Mitchum, C. C., Haendiges, A. N., & Sandson, J. (1997). Verb retrieval in aphasia. 1. Characterizing single word impairments. Brain and language, 5, 1; 68-106.
Bertella, L., Albani, G., Greco, E., Priano, L., Mauro, A., Marchi, S., ... & Semenza, C. (2002). Noun verb dissociation in Parkinson’s disease. Brain and Cognition, 48;277-280.
Bird, H., Franklin, S., & Howard, D. (2001). Age of acquisition and imageability ratings for a large set of words, including verbs and function words. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 33, 1; 73-79.
Blasko, D., & Hall, M. (1998). Influence of prosodic boundaries on comprehension of spoken English sentences. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 87, 3-18
Blumstein, Sheila A. A Phonological Investigation of Aphasic Speech, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2018.
Bose, A., 2013, Phonological naming therapy in jargon aphasia with neologisms: effects on picture naming and neologisms. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 48; 582–595.
Burkhardt, P., Piñango, M. M., & Wong, K. (2003). The role of the anterior left hemisphere in real-time sentence comprehension: Evidence from split intransitivity. Brain and language, 86,1; 9-22.
Butterworth B. (1985). Jargon aphasia: processes and strategies. In: Newman S, Epstein R, eds. Current Perspectives in Dysphasia. Edinburgh, United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone; 61–96.
Caramazza A, Zurif E.B. (1976). Dissociation of algorithmic and heuristic processes in sentence comprehension: Evidence from aphasia. Brain and Language. 3;572-582.
Caramazza, A. (1998). The interpretation of semantic category-specific deficits: What do they reveal about the organization of conceptual knowledge in the brain? Neurocase, 4, 4-5; 265-272.
Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Conroy, P., Sage, K., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2006). Towards theory‐driven therapies for aphasic verb impairments: A review of current theory and practice. Aphasiology, 20,12;1159-1185.
Cutler, A., Dahan, D., & van Donselaar, W. (1997). Prosody in the comprehension of spoken language: A literature review. Language and Speech, 40, 141-201.
Delazer, M., Girelli, L., Semenza, C., & Denes, G. (1999). Numerical skills and aphasia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 5, 3; 213-221.
Danly, M. & Shapiro, B. (1982). Speech Prosody in Broca’s aphasia. Brain and Language, 16;171- 190
Denes, G., & Pizzamiglio, L. (Eds.). (1999) Handbook of clinical and experimental neuropsychology. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
Druks, J., & Carroll, E. (2005). The crucial role of tense for verb production. Brain and Language, 94,1; 1-18.
Duman, T., & Dede, H. Ö. (2010). İnmeye ait prognostik faktörler: Hastaya ait faktörlerin gözden geçirilmesi. Türk Beyin Damar Hastalıkları Dergisi, 16,1; 7-16.
Eaton, E., Marshall, J. & Pring, T., 2011, Mechanisms of change in the evolution of jargon aphasia. Aphasiology, 25; 1543–1561.
Eling, P., de Bot, K., Keyser, A., & van der Sande, C. (1987). Paragrammatic speech without a comprehension deficit? A case report. Brain and language, 31, 1; 36–42.
Ellis, A., Miller, D. & Sin, G. (1983) Wernicke’s aphasia and normal language processing: A case study in cognitive neuropsychology. Cognition, 15; 111 – 114.
Ferrill, M., Love, T., Walenski, M., & Shapiro, L. P. (2012). The time-course of lexical activation during sentence comprehension in people with aphasia. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 21, 2; 179-189.
Friederici, A. D., & Kilborn, K. (1989). Temporal constraints on language processing: Syntactic priming in Broca’s aphasia. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 1,3; 262–272.
Gleason, J. B., Goodglass, H., Obler, L., Green, E., Hyde, M. R., & Weintraub, S. (1980). Narrative strategies of aphasic and normal-speaking subjects. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 23,2; 370-382.
Goodglass, H., & Kaplan, E. (1972). The assessment of aphasia and related disorders. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger).
Grayson, E., Hilton, R., & Franklin, S. (1997). Early intervention in a case of jargon aphasia: Efficacy of language comprehension therapy. European Journal of Disorders of Communication, 32; 257–276.
Grodzinsky, Y. 1995. Trace deletion, theta roles, and cognitive strategies. Brain and Language, 51; 469–497.
Heeschen, C. (1985). Agrammatism versus paragrammatism: A fictitious opposition. In Agrammatism (pp. 207-248). Academic Press.
Heilman, K., & Scholes, R. J. (1976). The nature of comprehension errors in Broca’s conduction and Wernicke’s aphasics. Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior, 12, 3; 258–265.
Jones, E. V. (1989). A year in the life of PC and EVJ. Proceedings of the First Aphasia Therapy Symposium. British Aphasiology Society.
Karuza EA, Newport EL, Aslin RN, Starling SJ, Tivarus ME, Bavelier D. (2013). The neural correlates of statistical learning in a word segmentation task: An fMRI study. Brain and Language, 127; 46–54.
Kent, R., & Rosenbek, J. (1982). Prosodic disturbance and neurologic lesion. Brain and Language, 15; 259–291.
Kim, M., & Thompson, C. K. (2004). Verb deficits in Alzheimer’s disease and agrammatism: Implications for lexical organization. Brain and language, 88,1; 1-20.
Kleist, K. (1916). Die leitungsaphasie und grammatische Störungen. Monatschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie, 40; 118-199.
Kohn, Susan & Smith, Katherine & Alexander, Michael. (1996). Differential Recovery from Impairment to the Phonological Lexicon. Brain and Language, 52;129-49.
Kolk, H. & Blomert, L. (1985). On the Bradley hypothesis concerning agrammatism: the nonword-interference effect. Brain and Language, 26; 94-105.
Krogh, L., Vlach, H., & Johnson, S. P. (2013). Statistical learning across development: Flexible yet constrained. Frontiers in Psychology, 3; 598.
Lecours, A.R., & Lhermitte, F. (1969). Phonemic paraphasias: Linguistic structures and tentative hypotheses. Cortex, 5; 193–228.
Lebrun Y. (1987). Anosognosia in aphasics. Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior, 23,2; 251–263.
López-Barroso, D., Catani, M., Ripollés, P., Dell’Acqua, F., Rodríguez-Fornells, A., & de Diego-Balaguer, R. (2013). Word learning is mediated by the left arcuate fasciculus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110,32;, 13168-13173.
Luzzatti, C., Raggi, R., Zonca, G., Pistarini, C., Contardi, A., & Pinna, G. D. (2002). Verb–noun double dissociation in aphasic lexical impairments: The role of word frequency and imageability. Brain and language, 81,1-3; 432-444.
Marshall, C. R., Hardy, C., Volkmer, A., Russell, L. L., Bond, R. L., Fletcher, P. D., Clark, C. N.,
Mummery, C. J., Schott, J. M., Rossor, M. N., Fox, N. C., Crutch, S. J., Rohrer, J. D., & Warren, J. D. (2018). Primary progressive aphasia: a clinical approach. Journal of neurology, 265,6; 1474–1490.
Martin, N., Kohen, F., Kalinyak-Fliszar, M., Soveri, A., & Laine, M. (2012). Effects of working memory load on processing of sounds and meanings of words in aphasia. Aphasiology, 26,3-4; 462-493.
Mätzig, S., Druks, J., Masterson, J., & Vigliocco, G. (2009). Noun and verb differences in Picture naming: Past studies and new evidence. Cortex, 45, 6; 738-758.
McNealy, K., Mazziotta, J. C., & Dapretto, M. (2006). Cracking the language code: neural mechanisms underlying speech parsing. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 29; 7629-7639.
Moses, M. S., Nickels, L. & Sheard, C. (2004a). “I’m sitting here feeling aphasic!” A study of recurrent perseverative errors elicited in unimpaired speakers. Brain and Language, 89;157-173.
Panzeri M, Semenza C, Butterworth B. 1987. Compensatory processes in the evolution of severe jargon aphasia. Neuropsychologia, 25; 919–933.
Perecman, E., & Brown, J. W. (1981). Phonemic jargon: a case report. In Jargonaphasia (pp. 177-257). Academic Press.
Pinango, M. M. (2002). Cortical reflections of two pronominal relations. Pronouns Grammar and Representation, 52, 233.
Robson J, Pring T, Marshall J, et al. 2003. Phoneme frequency effects in jargon aphasia: a phonological investigation of nonword errors. Brain and Language, 85;109–124.
Rodríguez-Fornells, A., Cunillera, T., Mestres-Missé, A., & de Diego-Balaguer, R. (2009). Neurophysiological mechanisms involved in language learning in adults. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364, 1536; 3711-3735.
Rohrer, J. D., Guerreiro, R., Vandrovcova, J., Uphill, J., Reiman, D., Beck, J., Isaacs, A. M., Authier, A., Ferrari, R., Fox, N. C., Mackenzie, I. R., Warren, J. D., de Silva, R., Holton, J., Revesz, T., Hardy, J., Mead, S., & Rossor, M. N. (2009). The heritability and genetics of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Neurology, 73,18; 1451–1456.
Ryalls, J. (1982). Intonation in Broca’s Aphasia. Neuropsychologia, 20, 355-360.
Schwartz, M. F., Saffran, E. M., & Marin, O. S. (1980). The word order problem in agrammatism. I. Comprehension. Brain and language, 10, 2; 249–262
Schwartz, M. F., Wilshire, C. E., Gagnon, D. A. and Polansky, M., 2004, Origins of nonword phonological errors in aphasic picture naming. Cognitive Neuropscyhology, 21; 159–186.
Seddoh, S.A. (2008). Conceptualisation of deviations in intonation production in aphasia. Aphasiology, 22; 1294 - 1312.
Shah AP, Baum SR, Dwivedi VD. Neural substrates of linguistic prosody: evidence from syntactic disambiguation in the productions of brain-damaged patients. Brain and Language. 2006;96:78–89.
Silveri, M. C., & Ciccarelli, N. (2007). The deficit for the word-class “verb” in corticobasal degeneration: Linguistic expression of the movement disorder?. Neuropsychologia, 45,11;2570-2579.
Viscovich, N., Borod, J., Pihan, H., Peery, S., Brickman, A. M., Tabert, M., ... & Spielman, J. (2003). Acoustical analysis of posed prosodic expressions: Effects of emotion and sex. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 96,3; 759-771.
Zingeser, L. B., & Berndt, R. S. (1990). Retrieval of nouns and verbs in agrammatism and anomia. Brain and language, 39,1; 14-32.
