Teknoloji Bağımlılığının Tarihsel Gelişim Süreci
Özet
Teknolojinin Sanayi 4.0 ile hızla gelişmesi insan hayatına olumlu katkılar sağlarken, internet ve akıllı cihazlara erişimin yaygınlaşması "Davranışsal Bağımlılıklar" kapsamındaki teknoloji bağımlılığını ve çeşitli davranış bozukluklarını beraberinde getirmiştir. Tarihsel süreçte teknolojiyle uyumsuz etkileşimler 19. yüzyıla kadar uzanmakta, 1950 ve 1970'li yıllarda kitle iletişim araçlarına ve bilgisayarlara yönelik patolojik bağlılıklar literatüre girmiştir. Teknolojik bağımlılık terimi ilk kez Leary (1975) tarafından kullanılırken, internet bağımlılığı kavramı Kimberly Young (1998) tarafından DSM kriterleri temel alınarak kavramsallaştırılmıştır. 1980'lerde video oyunlarının zararları üzerine araştırmalar yoğunlaşmış, bazı ülkelerde bu cihazlara yönelik geçici yasaklar getirilmiştir. 2000'li yıllardan itibaren akademik ilginin katlanarak arttığı bu alanda, 2010 sonrasında nöroloji ve psikiyatri tabanlı çalışmalar hız kazanmıştır. Günümüzde küresel nüfusun %59.5’i aktif internet kullanıcısı olup, bireyler internette günlük ortalama 6 saat 54 dakika geçirmektedir. Türkiye’de ise internet kullanım oranı %82.6’ya ulaşmış, günlük internette kalma süresi 7 saat 57 dakikayı bulmuştur. Hem dünyada hem de ülkemizde, özellikle ergenler arasında akıllı telefonlar aracılığıyla sosyal medya platformlarına ve dijital oyunlara olan erişimin sürekli artması, gelecek nesillerin sağlığı açısından bu bağımlılık türüyle etkin mücadeleyi zorunlu kılmaktadır.
While the rapid development of technology with Industry 4.0 provides positive contributions to human life, the widespread access to the internet and smart devices has brought along technology addiction within the scope of "Behavioral Addictions" and various behavioral disorders. In the historical process, incompatible interactions with technology date back to the 19th century, and pathological attachments to mass media and computers entered the literature in the 1950s and 1970s. The term technological addiction was first used by Leary (1975), while the concept of internet addiction was conceptualized by Kimberly Young (1998) based on DSM criteria. In the 1980s, research on the harmful effects of video games intensified, and temporary bans were imposed on these devices in some countries. In this field, where academic interest has increased exponentially since the 2000s, neurological and psychiatric-based studies have gained momentum since the early 2010s. Today, 59.5% of the global population consists of active internet users, and individuals spend an average of 6 hours and 54 minutes online daily. In Turkey, the internet usage rate has reached 82.6%, and the daily time spent on the internet is 7 hours and 57 minutes. The continuous increase in access to social media platforms and digital games via smartphones, especially among adolescents both worldwide and in our country, makes an effective fight against this type of addiction mandatory for the health of future generations.
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