Siberkondri
Özet
Siber ve hipokondriazis kavramlarının birleşiminden doğan siberkondri, bireylerin mevcut ya da hayali hastalık semptomlarını internet üzerinden aşırı, tekrarlayıcı ve dürtüsel bir şekilde araştırmasıyla karakterize çok boyutlu bir sağlık davranışıdır. İnternetin bilgiye hızlı ulaşım kolaylığı ve anonimlik gibi avantajları bireyleri sağlık kararlarında güçlendirebilse de, kalitesiz ve çelişkili kaynaklar bireylerde belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük yaratmakta, derin bir güvenlik arayışını tetikleyerek kaygı düzeylerini artırmaktadır. Tıp literatüründe resmi bir DSM tanısı olmamasına rağmen bu patolojik durum; yanlış teşhislere, doktor tarafından başlanan tedavilerin terk edilmesine, siberkondrik depresyona, hasta-hekim ilişkisinde güven sorunlarına ve sosyal hayatın işlevselliğinin bozulmasına neden olmaktadır. Özellikle Covid-19 pandemisi döneminde yaşanan kısıtlamalar, kitlesel korku ve sosyal medyadaki bilgi kirliliği (infodemi), siberkondri vakalarını en yüksek seviyeye ulaştırmıştır. Bu durumla mücadelede temel yaklaşım psikoeğitim olup, sağlık okuryazarlığının artırılması, güvenilir dijital kaynakların ayırt edilmesi ve çevrimiçi sürenin sınırlandırılması hedeflenmektedir; bu süreçte danışmanlık ve rehberlik rolleriyle hemşireler anahtar bir konuma sahiptir.
Cyberchondria, emerging from the combination of cyber and hypochondriasis, is a multidimensional health behavior characterized by individuals excessively, repetitively, and compulsively searching for existing or imaginary disease symptoms online. Although the internet's benefits like rapid access to information and anonymity can empower individuals in health decisions, low-quality and conflicting sources create an intolerance of uncertainty, triggering a deep safety-seeking behavior that escalates anxiety levels. Despite not being an official DSM diagnosis in medical literature, this pathological condition leads to misdiagnoses, abandonment of doctor-prescribed treatments, cyberchondria-induced depression, trust issues in the patient-physician relationship, and impairment of social life. Particularly during the Covid-19 pandemic, lockdowns, mass fear, and information pollution (infodemic) on social media drove cyberchondria cases to their peak. The primary approach to combating this condition is psychoeducation, aiming to increase health literacy, distinguish reliable digital sources, and limit online time; in this process, nurses hold a key position with their counseling and guidance roles.
Referanslar
Gunes-Ozturk G, Unlu N, Nur-Uzunkaya E, Karacam Z. The internet and social media using of pregnant women as a source of ınformation. Journal of Adnan Menderes University Health Sciences Faculty, 2020;4(3): 210-220. doi:10.46237/amusbfd.667048
Durankus F, Aksu E. Effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on anxiety and depressive symptoms in pregnant women: A preliminary study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2020;18,17. doi:10.1080/14767058.2020.1763946
Harding KJ, Skritskaya N, Doherty E, et al. Advances in understanding illness anxiety. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2008;10(4):311-317.
Turkiewicz KL. The impact of cyberchondria on doctor-patient communication (Doctoral Dissertation). Milwaukee: The University of Wisconsin; 2012.
Starcevic V. Cyberchondria: challenges of problematic online searches for health-related information. Psychother Psychosom. 2017;86(3):129-133.
McElroy E, Shevlin M. The development and initial validation of the Cyberchondria Severity Scale. J Anxiety Disord. 2014;28:259-265.
OxfordDictionaries. 10.09.2021 tarihnde http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/cyberchondriac-2012 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Loos A. Too much information for the health anxious patient? J Consum Health Internet. 2013;17(4):439–45.
Carrns, A. "On the ınternet, diseases are rampant, playing to worries of hypochondriacs." The Wall Street Journal. 25.09.2021 tarihinde https://www. wsj. com/articles/SB939076866193196830/1999 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Cyberchondria’ hits web users. BBC News: 25.09.2021 tarihinde http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/1274438.stm/2001 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Ekşisözlük. 03.01.2022 tarihinde https://eksisozluk.com/siberkondri--1632755 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Radikal. Bilimin son takıntısı internet bağımlılıkları. 03.01.2022 tarihinde http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=207784 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Valley P. New disorder, cyberchondria, sweeps the Internet. The Independent.27April2001. 03.01.2022 tarihinde www.nzherald.co.nz/technology/news/article.cfm?c_id=5&objectid=185422 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Belling C. Hypochondriac hermeneutics: Medicine and the anxiety of interpretation. Lit Med. 2006;25(2):376-401.
Fox S, Duggan M. Health Online 2013. Washington DC, Pew Internet and American Life Project. 2013.
Altındiş S, İnci MB, Aslan, FG, ve ark. Üniversite çalışanlarında siberkondria düzeyleri ve ilişkili faktörlerin incelenmesi. Sakarya Tıp Dergisi. 2018;8(2):359-370.
Vismara M, Caricasole V, Starcevic V, et al. Is cyberchondria a new transdiagnostic digital compulsive syndrome? A systematic review of the evidence. Compr. Psych.2020; 99:152-167.
Starcevic V, Berle D. Cyberchondria: Towards a better understanding of excessive health-related internet use. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 2013;13(2):205-213.
Abramowitz JS, Moore EL. An experimental analysis of hypochondriasis. Behav Res Ther, 2007; 45:413-424
Salkovskis PM, Rimes K.A, Warwick HM, et al. The Health Anxiety Inventory: Development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Psychol Med, 2002;32:843-853.
Muse K, McManus F, Leung C, Meghreblian B, et al. Cyberchondriasis: Fact or fiction? A preliminary examination of the relationship between health anxiety and searching for health information on the internet. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2012;26(1):189-196.
Brown RJ, Skelly N, Chew‐Graham CA. Online health research and health anxiety: A systematic review and conceptual integration. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 2020;27(2):e12299.
Garfin DR, Silver RC, Holman EA. The novel coronavirus (COVID-2019) outbreak: Amplification of public health consequences by media exposure. Health Psychology. 2020;39(5):355–357.
Starcevic V, Aboujaoude E. Cyberchondria, cyberbullying, cybersuicide, cybersex: “new” psychopathologies for the 21st century? World Psychiatry, 2015;14(1):97-100.
McManus F, Leung C, Muse K, et al. Understanding “cyberchondria:” An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the purpose, methods and impact of seeking health information online for those with health anxiety. Cogn Behav Ther. 2014; 7: e21
Doherty-Torstrick ER, Walton KE, Fallon BA. Cyberchondria: Parsing health anxiety from online behavior. Psychosomatics. 2016;57(4):390-400.
Barke A, Bleichhardt G, Rief W, et al. The cyberchondria severity scale (css): german validation and development of a short form. Int J Behav Med. 2016;23(5):595-605.
Singh K, Brown RJ. Health-related Internet habits and health anxiety in university students. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2014;27(5):542-554.
Mcmullan, M. “Patients Using the Internet to Obtain Health Information: How This Affects the Patient–Health Professional Relationship”, Patient Education and Counseling, 2006;63(1-2): 24-28.
Asmundson GJG, Taylor S. How health anxiety influences responses to viral outbreaks like COVID-19: What all decision-makers, health authorities, and health care professionals need to know. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2020;71:102-201.
Blakey SM, Abramowitz JS. Psychological predictors of health anxiety in response to the Zika virus. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings. 2017;24(3-4):270-278. doi: 10.1007/s10880-017-9514-y.
Huberty J, Dinkel D, Beets MW, et al. Describing the use of the internet for health, physical activity, and nutrition information in pregnant women. Maternal And Child Health Journal. 2013; 17(8):1363-1372.
Erdogan, A., Hocaoglu, C. 2020. Cyberchondria: A review. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 12(4), 435-443. doi: 10.18863/pgy.654648
Villani M, Kovess-Masfety V. How do people experiencing schizophrenia spectrum disorders or other psychotic disorders use the internet to get information on their mental health? Literature review and recommendations. JMIR Ment Health. 2017;4(1):e1.
Morahan-Martin JM. How internet users find, evaluate, and use online health information: A cross-cultural review. Cyberpsychology & Behavior. 2004;7(5):497–510.
Andreassen HK, Bujnowska-Fedak MM, Chronaki CE, et al. European citizens' use of e-health services: a study of seven countries. BMC Public Health. 2007;7(1): 1-7.
Trefflich F, Kalckreuth S, Mergl R, et al. Psychiatric patients' internet use corresponds to the internet use of the general public. Psychiatry Res. 2015;226(1):136–41.
Khazaal Y, Chatton A, Cochand S, et al. Internet use by patients with psychiatric disorders in search for general and medical informations. Psychiatr Q. 2008;79(4):301-309.
White RW, Horvitz E. Cyberchondria: Studies of the escalation of medical concerns in web search. ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS) 2009;27(4):1–37.
Baumgartner SE, Hartmann T. The role of health anxiety in online health information search. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 2011; 14(10): 613-618.
Fergus TA. Cyberchondria and intolerance of uncertainty: examining when individuals experience health anxiety in response to Internet searches for medical information. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 2013; 16(10): 735-739.
Lutwak N. Commentary: Thoughts on cyberchondria--a new challenge for healthcare providers. Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice. 2017;15(3):1–2.
Holyoake DD, Searle K. Cyberchondria: emerging themes for children’s nurses in the Internet age. Nursing Children And Young People, 2015;27(5):34-38.
Lemire M, Sicotte C, Paré G. Internet use and the logics of personal empowerment in health. Health Policy. 2008;88(1): 130-140.
Rains, SA. Perceptions of traditional information sources and use of the world wide web to seek health information: Findings from the health information national trends survey. Journal Of Health Communication. 2007;12(7):667-680.
Koronavirüs (COVID-19) verileri. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü: https://www.who.int/data#reports/2020 (Erişim Tarihi: 12.09.2021)
Coronavirüs hastalığı 2019 (COVID-19) durum raporu. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü: 11 Mart [2020-03-15]. 18.08.2021 tarihinde https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200311-sitrep-51-covid 19.pdf?sfvrsn=1ba62e57_10 /2020 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
WHO. World Health Organizations (WHO) announces COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic. 19.09.2021 tarihinde http://www.euro.who.int/en/healthtopics/healthemergencies/coronavirus -covid-19/news/news/2020/3/who-announces-covid-19-outbreak-a-pandemic adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
Li Y, Temkin‐Greener H, Shan G, et al. COVID‐19 İnfections and Deaths Among Connecticut Nursing Home Residents: Facility Correlates. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2020;68(9):1899-906.
Van Gelder N, Peterman A, Potts A, et al. COVID-19: Reducing the risk of infection might increase the risk of intimate partner violence. EClinicalMedicine. 2020; 21(8):1003-1048.
Kim SW, Su KP. Using psychoneuroimmunity against COVID-19 Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:4-5.
Pulido CM, Villarejo-Carballido B, Redondo-Sama G, et al.. COVID-19 infodemic: More retweets for science-based information on coronavirus than for false information. International Sociology. 2020; 35(4): 377-392.
Hashemi SGS, Hosseinnezhad S, Dini S, et al. The mediating effect of the cyberchondria and anxiety sensitivity in the association between problematic internet use, metacognition beliefs, and fear of COVID-19 among Iranian online population. Heliyon.2020; 6(10): e05135
Taylor S. The psychology of pandemics: Preparing for the next global outbreak of infectious disease. Newcastle upon Tyne: One edition. Cambridge Scholars Publishing; Newcastle, 2019; 1-42
Farooq A, Laato S, Islam AN. Impact of online ınformation on self-ısolation ıntention during the covıd-19 pandemic: Cross-Sectional Study. J Med Internet Res. 2020; 22(5): e19128
Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, et al. A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID‐19 epidemic in China. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:40‐48.
Torales J, O'Higgins M, Castaldelli-Maia JM, et al. The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. Int J Soc Psychiatry. (2020) 66(4):317–320.
Pfefferbaum B, North CS. Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(6):510–512.
Du H, Yang J, King RB, et al. COVID-19 increases online searches for emotional and health-related terms. Appl Psychol Health Well Being. 2020;12(4):1039–1053.
Rovetta A, Bhagavathula AS. COVID-19-related web search behaviors and infodemic attitudes in Italy: infodemiological study. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2020; 6(2):e19374.
Mathes BM, Norr AM, Allan NP, et al. Cyberchondria: overlap with health anxiety and unique relations with impairment, quality of life, and service utilization. Psychiatry Res. 2018;261:204–211.
Eysenbach G, Powell J, Kuss O, et al. Empirical studies assessing the quality of health information for consumers on the world wide web: a systematic review. JAMA. 2002;287(20):2691‐2700.
Eastin MS, Guinsler NM. Worried and wired: effects of health anxiety on informationseeking and health care utilization behaviors. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2006;9:494-8.
