Süt İneklerinde Topallığa İlişkin Güncel Genetik Bilgiler
Özet
Süt ineklerinde topallık, infertilite ve mastitis ile birlikte hayvancılık alanındaki en önemli sağlık ve ekonomik sorunlardan biridir. Süt veriminin düşmesi, üreme performansında azalma, erken sürüden ayıklama, veteriner ve ilaç harcamalarının artması ile işgücü kaybı gibi nedenlerle işletmelerde ciddi ekonomik zararlara yol açmaktadır. Beş temel özgürlük ilkesiyle çelişen bu durum, ineklerin yeme-içme davranışlarını bozarak ve ağrıya neden olarak belirgin bir hayvan refahı sorunu yaratmaktadır. Prevalansı ülkeler ve bölgeler arasında farklılık gösteren ve Türkiye'de yapılan çalışmalarda %18,84 ile %38,77 arasında tespit edilen topallık vakalarının %90'dan fazlası ayak ve tırnak lezyonlarından kaynaklanır. Bu vakalar, digital dermatitis (DD) ve interdigital flegmon (İF) gibi bulaşıcı rahatsızlıklar ile taban ülseri (TÜ), taban hemorajisi (TH) ve beyaz çizgi hastalığı (BÇH) gibi bulaşıcı olmayan tırnak lezyonlarını kapsar. Düşük kalıtım derecesine sahip olan topallıkla mücadelede genomik seleksiyon ve genom boyu ilişkilendirme çalışmaları (GWAS) öne çıkmaktadır. Araştırmalarda BTA5, BTA26, BTA23 (EDN1 geni), BTA21 (IQGAP1) ve BTA22 (STK3 geni) gibi kromozom bölgelerinde ayak sağlığı, doku bütünlüğü ve bağışıklık mekanizmalarıyla ilişkili QTL ve SNP'ler tanımlanmıştır. Rutin tırnak bakımı ve veteriner kayıtlarının doğruluğu, topallığa dirençli bireylerin seçilmesi ve ıslah programlarının başarısı açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır.
Lameness in dairy cows is one of the most critical health and economic issues in livestock production, alongside infertility and mastitis. It leads to significant economic losses for farms due to decreased milk yield, reduced reproductive performance, premature culling, increased veterinary and medication costs, and lost labor. Contradicting the principles of the five freedoms, this condition impairs feeding and drinking behaviors and causes pain, creating a major animal welfare concern. Prevalences vary across countries and regions, with studies in Türkiye reporting rates between 18.84% and 38.77%, where over 90% of lameness cases originate from foot and claw lesions. These cases encompass infectious conditions such as digital dermatitis (DD) and interdigital phlegmon (IP), as well as non-infectious claw lesions like sole ulcers (SU), sole hemorrhages (SH), and white line disease (WLD). Due to the low heritability of lameness-related traits, genomic selection and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have gained prominence. Research has identified QTLs and SNPs associated with foot health, tissue integrity, and immune mechanisms in chromosomal regions including BTA5, BTA26, BTA23 (near the EDN1 gene), BTA21 (IQGAP1), and BTA22 (STK3 gene). Accurate record-keeping during routine claw trimming and veterinary care plays a crucial role in selecting lameness-resistant animals and achieving success in breeding programs.
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