Diyabetin Periferik Sinir Sistemi Komplikasyonları
Özet
Diyabetik periferik nöropati, diyabetli bireylerde periferik sinir disfonksiyonu ile karakterize, dünya çapında en yaygın görülen nöropati şeklidir. En sık rastlanılan formu, alt ekstremitelerde simetrik, "eldiven-çorap" tarzında duyu kaybı ve ağrıyla başlayan distal simetrik polinöropatidir (DSP). Hastalığın patogenezinde oksidatif stres, inflamasyon ve mitokondriyal hasar rol oynamaktadır. Kronik komplikasyonlar arasında kardiyovasküler, gastrointestinal ve ürogenital sistemleri etkileyen otonom nöropatiler yer alırken; akut durumlarda izole kranyal/periferik sinir tutulumları (mononöropatiler) ve şiddetli proksimal ağrı ile karakterize radikülopleksus nöropatileri (amiyotrofi) görülebilir. Tanı klinik muayene ve elektrodiyagnostik testlerle konulur; tedavide glisemik kontrol ve semptomatik ağrı yönetimi esastır.
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is the most common form of neuropathy worldwide, characterized by peripheral nerve dysfunction in individuals with diabetes. The most prevalent type is distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSP), which typically presents with symmetrical sensory loss and pain in the lower extremities in a "glove-and-stocking" pattern. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial damage play key roles in its pathogenesis. Chronic complications include autonomic neuropathies affecting cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and urogenital systems; whereas acute cases may involve isolated cranial/peripheral nerve involvements (mononeuropathies) and radiculoplexus neuropathies (amyotrophy) characterized by severe proximal pain. Diagnosis is established through clinical examination and electrodiagnostic tests, while treatment focuses on glycemic control and symptomatic pain management.
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