Gebelerde Acil Ürolojik İşlemlerde Radyasyon İçeren Girişimler
Özet
Üriner sistem taş hastalığı (ürolitiazis), hamilelik döneminde obstetrik nedenler dışında en sık hastaneye yatışa ve ağrı şikayetine yol açan ürolojik durumdur. Gebelikte artan progesteron hormonu ve büyüyen uterusun basısı sonucu oluşan fizyolojik gestasyonel hidronefrozun, gerçek bir taş obstrüksiyonundan ayırt edilmesi kritik önem taşır. Tanı aşamasında fetüsün iyonize radyasyondan korunması temel kuraldır; bu nedenle gebeliğin tüm dönemlerinde radyasyon maruziyeti en aza indirilmelidir. Uluslararası rehberler doğrultusunda, gebe hastalarda birinci basamak tanı aracı olarak ultrason (US) güçlü bir şekilde tavsiye edilirken, tıkanıklık seviyesini belirlemede ikinci basamak olarak Manyetik Rezonans Görüntüleme (MRG) tercih edilmektedir. En yüksek pozitif prediktif değere sahip olan düşük doz bilgisayarlı tomografi (BT) ise ancak hastaya net bir fayda sağlayacağı ve tedaviyi doğrudan değiştireceği durumlarda, detaylı bir bilgilendirme ile son çare olarak kullanılmalıdır. Klinik değerlendirmede apendisit, divertikülit ve hiperemezis gravidarum gibi hastalıklar ayırıcı tanıda dışlanmalıdır. Tedavide öncelik hidrasyon ve analjezikleri içeren medikal takiptir; parasetamol ve penisilin grubu güvenle tercih edilirken teratojenik ilaçlardan kaçınılmalıdır. Muhafazakar yöntemlerle düşmeyen veya komplikasyona yol açan taşlarda üreter stenti veya perkütan nefrostomi kateteri ile böbrek drenajı sağlanmalı, definitif tedavi ise doğum sonrasına ertelenmelidir.
Urinary tract stone disease (urolithiasis) is the most common non-obstetric cause of hospitalization and pain during pregnancy. Differentiating physiological gestational hydronephrosis, which develops due to increased progesterone levels and uterine compression, from actual stone obstruction is of critical importance. Protecting the fetus from ionizing radiation is the primary rule during diagnosis; therefore, radiation exposure must be strictly avoided throughout all stages of pregnancy. In line with international guidelines, ultrasonography (US) is strongly recommended as the first-line diagnostic tool for pregnant patients, while Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is preferred as the second-line modality to determine the level of obstruction. Low-dose computed tomography (CT), which provides the highest positive predictive value, should only be utilized as a last resort with thorough patient counseling, provided it offers a clear clinical benefit and significantly alters management. Clinical evaluations must exclude appendicitis, diverticulitis, and hyperemesis gravidarum in the differential diagnosis. The primary treatment approach involves medical management with hydration and analgesics; paracetamol and penicillin derivatives are safely preferred, while teratogenic drugs must be avoided. For stones that fail to pass conservatively or cause complications, renal drainage should be established using ureteral stents or percutaneous nephrostomy catheters, leaving definitive treatment until the postpartum period.
Referanslar
Parulkar BG, Hopkins TB, Wollin MR, Howard PJ Jr, Lal A. Renal colic during pregnancy: a case forconservative treatment. J Urol. 1998;159(2):365-8.
Dafnis E, Sabatini S. The effect of pregnancy on renal functi- on: physiology and pathophysiology. Am J Med Sci. 1992;303:184-205.
Semins MJ, Matlaga BR. Management of stone disease in pregnancy. Curr Opin Urol. 2010;20:174-7.
Butler EL, Cox SM, Eberts EG, Cunningham FG. Symptomatic nephrolithiasis complicating pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96:753-6.
Swanson SK, Heilman RL, Eversman WG. Urinary tract stones in pregnancy. Surg Clin North Am. 1995;75: 123-42.
Boridy IC, Maklad N, Sandler CM. Suspected urolithiasis in pregnant women: imaging algorithm and literature review. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1996;167:869-75.
Somani BK, Dellis A, Liatsikos E, Skolarikos A. Review on diagnosis and management of urolithiasis in pregnancy: an ESUT practical guide for urologists. World J Urol. 2017. 35: 1637.
EAU urology guideline, 2022
ACOG Committee Opinion No. 723: Guidelines for Diagnostic Imaging During Pregnancy and Lactation. Obstet Gynecol. 2017. 130: e210.
Butler EL, Cox SM, Eberts EG, Cunningham FG. Symptomatic nephrolithiasis complicating pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96:753-6.
Masselli G, Derme M, Bernieri MG, et al. Stone disease in pregnancy: imaging-guided therapy. Insights Imaging. 2014; 5(6): 691-6.
Roy C, Saussine C, Le Bras Y, et al. Assessment of painful ureterohydronephrosis during pregnancy by MR urography. European Radiology. 1996;6(3):334-8.
White WM, Johnson EB, Zite NB, et al. Predictive value of current imaging modalities for the detection of urolithiasis during pregnancy: a multicenter, longitudinal study. The Journal of urology. 2013;189(3):931-4.
Biyani CS, Joyce AD. Urolithiasis in preg- nancy. II: management. BJU Int. 2002; 89(8):819-23.
Andreoiu M, MacMahon R. Renal colic in pregnancy: lithiasis or physiological hy- dronephrosis? Urology. 2009;74(4):757-61.
Stothers L, Lee LM. Renal colic in pregnancy. J Urol. 1992;148(5):1383-7.
Rasmussen PE, Nielsen FR. Hydronephrosis during preg- nancy: a literature survey. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1988;27: 249-59.
Asgari MA, Safarinejad MR, Hosseini SY, Dadkhah F. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of renal calculi during early pregnancy. BJU Int. 1999;84: 615-7.
Davison, JM, Dunlop, W. Renal hemodynamics and tubular function normal human pregnancy. Kidney Int. 1980;18: 152-61.
Bury B, Hufton A, Adams J. Radiation and women of child bearing potential. BMJ. 1995;310:1022-3.
Streem SB. Contemporary clinical practice of shock wave lit- hotripsy: a reevaluation of contraindications. J Urol. 1997;157:1197-203.