Vitaminler, İmmün Sistem ve Mikroorganizmalar
Özet
Bağışıklık sistemi, vücudu patojenlere karşı koruyan karmaşık bir mekanizma olup, bu sistemin etkinliği beslenme ve vitamin alımıyla doğrudan ilişkilidir. A, B, C, D ve E vitaminleri, antioksidan özellikleri ve hücre fonksiyonlarını düzenleme yetenekleriyle doğal ve kazanılmış bağışıklık yanıtlarının güçlendirilmesinde kritik roller üstlenir. Özellikle vitamin eksiklikleri, antikor üretiminin azalmasına ve enfeksiyonlara karşı hassasiyetin artmasına neden olurken, yeterli düzeyde alım doku onarımını destekler ve iyileşme sürelerini kısaltır. Sağlıklı bir bağışıklık dengesinin korunması için bu mikro besinlerin dengeli tüketimi ve bireysel ihtiyaçlara göre optimize edilmesi hayati önem taşımaktadır.
The immune system is a complex mechanism that protects the body against pathogens, and its effectiveness is directly linked to nutrition and vitamin intake. Vitamins A, B, C, D, and E play critical roles in strengthening innate and adaptive immune responses through their antioxidant properties and ability to regulate cellular functions. Vitamin deficiencies lead to decreased antibody production and increased susceptibility to infections, while adequate intake supports tissue repair and shortens recovery times. Balanced consumption and optimization of these micronutrients according to individual needs are vital for maintaining a healthy immune balance.
Referanslar
Alpert PT. The Role of Vitamins and Minerals on the Immune System. Home Health Care Management & Practice. 2017; 29(3): 199-202.
Calder PC, Carr AC, Gombart AF, et al. Optimal Nutritional Status for a Well-Functioning Immune System Is an Important Factor to Protect against Viral Infections. Nutrients. 2020; 12(4):1181.
Calder PC, Kew S. The immune system: a target for functional foods? Br J Nutr. 2002; 2: 165-177.
Linus Pauling Institute Oregon State University, Nutrition and The Immun System. 2020. [Accessed date: 02.07.2022]; Available:https:// https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/sites/lpi.oregonstate.edu/files/lpi-immunity-infographic.pdf
Wu D, Lewis ED, Pae M, et al. Nutritional Modulation of Immune Function: Analysis of Evidence, Mechanisms, and Clinical Relevance. Frontiers in Immunology. 2019; 9: 3160.
Greenberg S. History of immunology. In: Paul WE, ed. Fundamental Immunology. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2013; 22–46.
Koçak T, Şanlıer N. Mikrobesin Öğeleri ve Mikrobiyota Etkileşimi. GÜSBD. 2017; 6(4): 290-302.
Kumar H, Kawai T, Akira S. Pathogen recognition by the innate immune system. Int Rev Immunol. 2011;30:16-34.
Male D, Brostoff J, Roth DB, et al. İmmunoloji. Ed: Turgut İmir, 7. Baskı, palme yayıncılık, Ankara. 2008.
Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S. Temel İmmunoloji, çeviri: yıldız Camcıoğlu, Günnur deniz. İmmün sistemin işlevleri ve bozuklukları, Doğal bağışıklık, Enfeksiyonlara Karşı Erken Savunma Sistemi. 4. baskı, güneş tıp kitapevi, Ankara. 2015; 23-50.
Janeway CA, Travers P, Walport M, et al. The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001.
Çetin, F. Bağışıklık Sistemi Desteklerinin Besin-İlaç Etkileşimi. İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2020; 2(1): 14-19.
Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi (TÜBA). Bağışıklık, beslenme ve yaşam tarzı raporu. 2020; 1-68.
Ergün C. Antioksidan Vitaminler ve Bağışıklık Sistemi. Türkiye Klinikleri Beslenme ve Diyetetik Dergisi. 2001; 2(2): 56-61.
Veldhoen, M. and C. Ferreira, Influence of nutrient-derived metabolites on lymphocyte immunity. Nat Med. 2015; 21(7): 709-718.
Ayaz A. Vitaminlerin Bağışıklık Sistemi Üzerine Etkileri. A,E,C ve B Grubu Vitaminlerinin Bağışıklık Sistemi Üzerine Etkileri. Bağışıklık, Beslenme ve Yaşam Tarzı Raporu, Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Yayınları. ed. Kazım Şahin. TÜBA Raporları No: 42, Ankara. 2020.
Huang Z, Liu Y, Qi G, et al. Role of Vitamin A in the Immune System. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2018; 7: 1-16.
Eberl G. A is for immunity. Nature. 2014; 508: 47-48.
Semba RD. Vitamin A as “anti-infective” therapy. J Nutr. 1999; 129(4): 783-791.
Hall JA, et al., The role of retinoic acid in tolerance and immunity. Immunity. 2011; 35(1): 13-22.
Van de Pavert SA, Olivier BJ, Goverse G, et al. Chemokine CXCL13 is essential for lymph node initiation and is induced by retinoic acid and neuronal stimulation. Nat Immunol. 2009; 10(11): 1193-1199.
Ayaz A. A Vitamini ve A Vitamini Aktivitesi Taşıyan Moleküllerin İmmün Sistem ve Enfeksiyonlarla Olan Etkileşimi. Türkiye Klinikleri Beslenme ve Diyetetik Dergisi. 2016; 2(2): 62-66.
Harbige LS. Nutrition and immunity with emphasis on infection and autoimmune disease. Nutr Health. 1996; 10(4): 285-312.
Gombart AF, Pierre A, Maggini S, et al. A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System–Working in Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection. Nutrients. 2020; 12(1): 236.
Karacabey K, Ozdemir N. The Effect of Nutritional Elements on the Immune System. J Obes Wt Loss Ther. 2012; 2(9): 152.
Greiner T. Vitamins and minerals for women: recent programs and intervention trials. Nutr Res Pract. 2011; 5(1): 3-10.
Maggini S, Pierre A, Calder CC. Immune Function and Micronutrient Requirements Change over the Life Course. Nutrients. 2018; 10(10):1531.
Chandra RK, Sudhakaran L. Regulation of immune responses by vitamin B6. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1990; 585: 404-423.
Rall LC, Meydani SN. Vitamin B6 and immune competence. Nutr Rev. 1993; 51(8): 217-225.
Mikkelsen K, Stojanovska L, Prakash M, et al. The effects of vitamin B on the immune/cytokine network and their involvement in depression. Maturitas. 2017; 96: 58-71.
Tamura J, Kubota K, Murakami H, et al. Immunomodulation by vitamin B12: augmentation of CD8+ T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cell activity in vitamin B12-deficient patients by methyl-B12 treatment. Clin Exp Immunol. 1999; 116(1): 28-32.
Mikkelsen K, Apostolopoulos V. B Vitamins and Ageing, in Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Ageing: Part I Biomedical Science, J.R. Harris and V.I. Korolchuk, Editors. Springer Singapore: Singapore. 2018; 451-470.
Meydani SN, Ribaya-Mercado JD, Russell RM, et al., Vitamin B − 6 deficiency impairs interleukin 2 production and lymphocyte proliferation in elderly adults. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1991; 53(5): 1275-1280.
Shakoor H, Feehan J, Mikkelsen K, et al. Be well: A potential role for vitamin B in COVID-19. Maturitas. 2021; 144:108-111.
Ragan I, Hartson L, Pidcoke H, et al. Pathogen reduction of SARS-CoV-2 virus in plasma and whole blood using riboflavin and UV light. PloS one. 2020; 15(5): e0233947-e0233947.
Erkurt MA, Aydoğdu İ, Dikilitaş M, et al. Effects of cyanocobalamin on immunity in patients with pernicious anemia. Med Princ Pract. 2008; 17(2): 131-135.
Mikkelsen K, Apostolopoulos V. Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, and B6 and the Immune System, in Nutrition and Immunity. Mahmoudi M. Editor. Springer, Cham. 2019; 115-125.
Zhang M, Jativa DF. Vitamin C supplementation in the critically ill: A systematic review and meta-analysis. SAGE Open Medicine. 2018; 6: 1-12.
Gholizadeh M, Saeedy SAG, Abdi A, et al. Vitamin C reduces interleukin-6 plasma concentration: a systematic review and metaanalysis
of randomized clinical trials. Clinical Nutrition Open Science. Available
online 02. 07. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutos.2021.09.003
Bruno RS, Leonard SW, Atkinson J, et al. Faster plasma vitamin E disappearance in smokers is normalized by vitamin C supplementation.
Free Radic Biol Med. 2006; 40(4): 689-697.
Carr AC, Maggini S. Vitamin C and Immune Function. Nutrients. 2017; 9(11): 1211.
Hemilä H. Vitamin C and Infections. Nutrients. 2017; 9(4): 339.
O’Brien MA, Jackson MW. Vitamin D and the immune system: Beyond rickets. The Veterinary Journal. 2012; 194: 27-33.
Shirvania SS, Nouric M, Sakhiniad E, et al. The molecular and clinical evidence of vitamin D signaling as a modülatör of the immune system: Role in Behçet’s disease. Immunology Letters. 2019; 210: 10-19.
Christakos S, Li S, De La Cruz J, et al. New developments in our understanding of vitamin metabolism, action and treatment. Metab Clin Exp. 2019; 98: 112–20.
Bivona G, Agnello L, Ciaccio M. Communication:Vitamin D and Immunomodulation: Is it time to change the reference values? Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2017; 47(4): 508-510.
Bivona G, Agnello L, Bellia C, et al. Non-Skeletal Activities of Vitamin D: From Physiology to Brain Pathology. Medicina. 2019; 55: 341.
Lang PO, Aspinall R. Vitamin D status and the host resistance to infections: What it is currently understood. Clin Thera. 2017; 39: 930-945.
Daniel S, Daniel N, Bengt-Olof N. Vitamin D3 modulates the innate immune response through regulation of the hCAP-18/LL-37 gene expression and cytokine production. Inflamm Res. 2016; 65(1): 25-32.
Taylor CL, Sempos CT, Davis CD, et al. Vitamin d. Moving forward to address emerging science. Nutrients 2017; 9: 1308.
Baeke F, Takiishi T, Korf H, et al. Vitamin D: modulator of the immune system. Curr OpinPharmacol. 2010; 10: 482-96.
Hanel A, Carlberg C. Vitamin D and evolution: Pharmacologic implications. Biochem Pharmacol. 2019. doi:org/10.1016/j.bcp. 2019.07.024
Sassi F, Tamone C, D’Amelio P. Vitamin D: Nutrient, hormone, and immunomodulator. Nutrients. 2018; 10: 1656.
Schwalfenberg GK. A review of the critical role of vitamin D in the functioning of the immune system and the clinical implications of vitamin D deficiency. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011; 55: 96–108.
Koivisto O, Hanel A, Carlberg C. Key Vitamin D target genes with functions in the imune system. Nutrients. 2020; 12: 1140.
Güngör EÖ, Yaldız N, Çetin SÖ. İmmun Sistemi Destekleyen Bazı Mikronutrientler: COVID-19’a Yönelik Bir Derleme. Yüksek İhtisas Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2020; 1: 53-56.
Loft S, Cooke MS, Rozalski R, et al. Antioxidant vitamins and cancer risk: is oxidative damage to DNA a relevant biomarker? European Journal of Nutrition. 2008; 47(2): 19-28.
De la Fuente M, Hernanz A, Guayerbas N, et al. Vitamin E ingestion improves several immune functions in elderly men and women. Free Radical Research. 2008; 42(3): 272-280.
Meydani SN, Meydani M, Blumberg JB, et al. Vitamin E Supplementation and In Vivo Immune Response in Healthy Elderly Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA. 1997; 277(17): 1380-1386.
Pekmezci D. Vitamin E and immunity. Vitam Horm. 2011; 86: 179-215.
Azzi A. Many tocopherols, one vitamin E. Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 2018; 61: 92-103.