Lokal Anestezikler

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Shah J, Votta-Velis EG, Borgeat A. New local anesthetics. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology. 2018;32(2): 179–185. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2018.06.010

Bezanilla F. The action potential: From voltage-gated conductances to molecular structures. Biological Research. Sociedad de Biología de Chile; 2006;39(3): 425–435. doi:10.4067/S0716-97602006000300005

Kress GJ, Mennerick S. Action potential initiation and propagation: upstream influences on neurotransmission. Neuroscience. 2009;158(1): 211–222. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.03.021

Tsuchiya H, Mizogami M. Interaction of Local Anesthetics with Biomembranes Consisting of Phospholipids and Cholesterol: Mechanistic and Clinical Implications for Anesthetic and Cardiotoxic Effects. Anesthesiology Research and Practice. 2013;2013: 297141. doi:10.1155/2013/297141

Dib-Hajj SD, Binshtok AM, Cummins TR, et al. Voltage-gated sodium channels in pain states: Role in pathophysiology and targets for treatment. Brain Research Reviews. 2009;60(1): 65–83. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.12.005

Becker DE, Reed KL. Local Anesthetics: Review of Pharmacological Considerations. Anesthesia Progress. 2012;59(2): 90–102. doi:10.2344/0003-3006-59.2.90

Becker DE, Reed KL. Essentials of local anesthetic pharmacology. Anesthesia Progress. 2006;53(3): 98–108; quiz 109–110. doi:10.2344/0003-3006(2006)53[98:EOLAP]2.0.CO;2

Bina B, Hersh EV, Hilario M, et al. True Allergy to Amide Local Anesthetics: A Review and Case Presentation. Anesthesia Progress. 2018;65(2): 119–123. doi:10.2344/anpr-65-03-06

Hockett D, Kress L, Mac Donald R, et al. Effectiveness of Buffered Lidocaine for Local Anesthesia During Liver Biopsy. Gastroenterology Nursing. 2021;44(3): 172–176. doi:10.1097/SGA.0000000000000542

Buckenmaier CC, Bleckner LL. Anaesthetic Agents for Advanced Regional Anaesthesia. Drugs. 2005;65(6): 745–759. doi:10.2165/00003495-200565060-00003

Heavner JE. Local anesthetics. Current Opinion in Anesthesiology. 2007;20(4): 336-342. doi:10.1097/ACO.0b013e3281c10a08

Cherobin ACFP, Tavares GT. Safety of local anesthetics. Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia. 2020;95(1): 82–90. doi:10.1016/j.abd.2019.09.025

Henderson CL, Warriner CB, McEwen JA, et al. A North American survey of intravenous regional anesthesia. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1997;85(4): 858–863. doi:10.1097/00000539-199710000-00027

Moore PA, Hersh EV. Local anesthetics: pharmacology and toxicity. Dental Clinics of North America. 2010;54(4): 587–599. doi:10.1016/j.cden.2010.06.015

Guay J. Methemoglobinemia Related to Local Anesthetics: A Summary of 242 Episodes. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2009;108(3): 837. doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e318187c4b1

Vasters FG, Eberhart LHJ, Koch T, et al. Risk factors for prilocaine-induced methaemoglobinaemia following peripheral regional anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2006;23(9): 760–765. doi:10.1017/S0265021506000913

Olapour A, Akhondzadeh R, Rashidi M, et al. Comparing the Effect of Bupivacaine and Ropivacaine in Cesarean Delivery with Spinal Anesthesia. Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine. 2020;10(1): e94155. doi:10.5812/aapm.94155

Cederholm I. Preliminary risk-benefit analysis of ropivacaine in labour and following surgery. Drug Safety. 1997;16(6): 391–402. doi:10.2165/00002018-199716060-00005

Johnson ME, Swanson JW. Procaine Spinal Neurotoxicity. Anesthesiology. 2008;109(2): 349–351. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31817fdeb8

Singariya G, Choudhary K, Kamal M, et al. Comparison of analgesic efficacy of intrathecal 1% 2-chloroprocaine with or without fentanyl in elective caesarean section: A prospective, double-blind, randomised study. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia. 2021;65(2): 102–107. doi:10.4103/ija.IJA_816_20

Goldblum E, Atchabahian A. The use of 2-chloroprocaine for spinal anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2013;57(5): 545–552. doi:10.1111/aas.12071

Long H, Greller H, Mercurio-Zappala M, et al. Medicinal use of cocaine: a shifting paradigm over 25 years. The Laryngoscope. 2004;114(9): 1625–1629. doi:10.1097/00005537-200409000-00022

Reid JW, Rotenberg BW, Sowerby LJ. Contemporary decongestant practices of Canadian otolaryngologists for endoscopic sinus surgery. Journal of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery = Le Journal D’oto-Rhino-Laryngologie Et De Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale. 2019;48(1): 15. doi:10.1186/s40463-019-0337-8

Desai N, Kirkham KR, Albrecht E. Local anaesthetic adjuncts for peripheral regional anaesthesia: a narrative review. Anaesthesia. 2021;76 Suppl 1: 100–109. doi:10.1111/anae.15245

Yang Y, Yu L-Y, Zhang W-S. Clonidine versus other adjuncts added to local anesthetics for pediatric neuraxial blocks: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Pain Research. 2018;11: 1027–1036. doi:10.2147/JPR.S158264

Hogan QH. Pathophysiology of Peripheral Nerve Injury During Regional Anesthesia. Regional anesthesia and pain medicine. 2008;33(5): 435–441. doi:10.1016/j.rapm.2008.03.002

Riaz S, Kudaravalli P, Saleem SA, et al. Methemoglobinemia: A Life-threatening Complication of Topical Pharyngeal Anesthetics. Cureus. 2020;12(4): e7900. doi:10.7759/cureus.7900

Vallurupalli S, Manchanda S. Risk of acquired methemoglobinemia with different topical anesthetics during endoscopic procedures. Local and Regional Anesthesia. 2011;4: 25–28. doi:10.2147/LRA.S22711

Zisquit J, Nedeff N. Interscalene Block. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519491/

Safety Committee of Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists. Practical guide for the management of systemic toxicity caused by local anesthetics. Journal of Anesthesia. 2019;33(1): 1–8. doi:10.1007/s00540-018-2542-4

Macfarlane AJR, Gitman M, Bornstein KJ, et al. Updates in our understanding of local anaesthetic systemic toxicity: a narrative review. Anaesthesia. 2021;76(S1): 27–39. doi:10.1111/anae.15282

Wolfe JW, Butterworth JF. Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology. 2011;24(5): 561–566. doi:10.1097/ACO.0b013e32834a9394

Guay J. The epidural test dose: a review. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2006;102(3): 921–929. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000196687.88590.6b

El-Boghdadly K, Pawa A, Chin KJ. Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: current perspectives. Local and Regional Anesthesia. 2018;11: 35–44. doi:10.2147/LRA.S154512

Šimurina T, Mraović B, Župčić M, et al. LOCAL ANESTHETICS AND STEROIDS: CONTRAINDICATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS – CLINICAL UPDATE. Acta Clinica Croatica. 2019;58(Suppl 1): 53–61. doi:10.20471/acc.2019.58.s1.08