Spinal, Epidural Ve Kaudal Anestezi

Saifuddin A, Burnett SJ, White J. The variation of position of the conus medullaris in an adult population. A magnetic resonance imaging study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1998;23(13):1452-1456. doi:10.1097/00007632-199807010-00005

Champagne K, Fecek C, Goldstein S. Spinal Opioids In Anesthetic Practice. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; October 23, 2021.

Tonder S, Togioka BM, Maani CV. Chloroprocaine. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; July 19, 2021.

Olawin AM, M Das J. Spinal Anesthesia. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; July 2, 2021.

Dahl JB, Jeppesen IS, Jørgensen H, et al. Intraoperative and postoperative analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of intrathecal opioids in patients undergoing cesarean section with spinal anesthesia: a qualitative and quantitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology. 1999;91(6):1919-1927. doi:10.1097/00000542-199912000-00045

Afolabi BB, Lesi FE. Regional versus general anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;10:CD004350. Published 2012 Oct 17. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004350.pub3

Hilt H, Gramm HJ, Link J. Changes in intracranial pressure associated with extradural anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 1986;58(6):676-680. doi:10.1093/bja/58.6.676

Gimeno AM, Errando CL. Neuraxial Regional Anaesthesia in Patients with Active Infection and Sepsis: A Clinical Narrative Review. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim. 2018;46(1):8-14. doi:10.5152/TJAR.2018.12979

Perlas A, Chan VW. Neuraxial anesthesia and multiple sclerosis. Can J Anaesth. 2005;52(5):454-458. doi:10.1007/BF03016521

Douglas MJ, Swenerton JE. Epidural anesthesia in three parturients with lumbar tattoos: a review of possible implications. Can J Anaesth. 2002;49(10):1057-1060. doi:10.1007/BF03017902

Kuczkowski KM. Labor analgesia for the parturient with lumbar tattoos: what does an obstetrician need to know?. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2006;274(5):310-312. doi:10.1007/s00404-006-0130-6

Gaspar A, Serrano N. Neuroaxial blocks and tattoos: a dilemma?. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2010;282(3):255-260. doi:10.1007/s00404-009-1220-z

Deykin D, Janson P, McMahon L. Ethanol potentiation of aspirin-induced prolongation of the bleeding time. N Engl J Med. 1982;306(14):852-854. doi:10.1056/NEJM198204083061406

Bauer ME, Toledano RD, Houle T, et al. Lumbar neuraxial procedures in thrombocytopenic patients across populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Anesth. 2020;61:109666. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2019.109666

Bauer ME, Arendt K, Beilin Y, et al. The Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology Interdisciplinary Consensus Statement on Neuraxial Procedures in Obstetric Patients With Thrombocytopenia. Anesth Analg. 2021;132(6):1531-1544. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000005355

Tanaka M, Balki M, McLeod A,et al. Regional anesthesia and non-preeclamptic thrombocytopenia: time to re-think the safe platelet count. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2009;59(2):142-153. doi:10.1590/s0034-70942009000200002

Whiting D, DiNardo JA. TEG and ROTEM: technology and clinical applications. Am J Hematol. 2014;89(2):228-232. doi:10.1002/ajh.23599

Kim GS, Song JG, Gwak MS, et al. Postoperative outcome in formerly premature infants undergoing herniorrhaphy: comparison of spinal and general anesthesia. J Korean Med Sci. 2003;18(5):691-695. doi:10.3346/jkms.2003.18.5.691

Krane EJ, Haberkern CM, Jacobson LE. Postoperative apnea, bradycardia, and oxygen desaturation in formerly premature infants: prospective comparison of spinal and general anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1995;80(1):7-13. doi:10.1097/00000539-199501000-00003

Somri M, Gaitini L, Vaida S, et al. Postoperative outcome in high-risk infants undergoing herniorrhaphy: comparison between spinal and general anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 1998;53(8):762-766. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2044.1998.00431.x

Bilotta F, Evered LA, Gruenbaum SE. Neurotoxicity of anesthetic drugs: an update. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2017;30(4):452-457. doi:10.1097/ACO.0000000000000482

Stratmann G. Review article: Neurotoxicity of anesthetic drugs in the developing brain. Anesth Analg. 2011;113(5):1170-1179. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e318232066c

Broadbent CR, Maxwell WB, Ferrie R, et al. Ability of anaesthetists to identify a marked lumbar interspace. Anaesthesia. 2000;55(11):1122-1126. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2044.2000.01547-4.x

Manchikanti L, Nampiaparampil DE, Candido KD, et al. Do cervical epidural injections provide long-term relief in neck and upper extremity pain? A systematic review. Pain Physician. 2015;18(1):39-60.

Bicket MC, Gupta A, Brown CH 4th, Cohen SP. Epidural injections for spinal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the "control" injections in randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology. 2013;119(4):907-931. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31829c2ddd

Lee J, Gupta S, Price C, et al; British Pain Society. Low back and radicular pain: a pathway for care developed by the British Pain Society. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111(1):112-120. doi:10.1093/bja/aet172

Maitra S, Baidya DK, Pawar DK, et al. Epidural anesthesia and analgesia in the neonate: a review of current evidences. J Anesth. 2014;28(5):768-779. doi:10.1007/s00540-014-1796-8

Guay J. The epidural test dose: a review. Anesth Analg. 2006;102(3):921-929. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000196687.88590.6b

Polaner DM, Taenzer AH, Walker BJ, et al. Pediatric Regional Anesthesia Network (PRAN): a multi-institutional study of the use and incidence of complications of pediatric regional anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2012;115(6):1353-1364. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31825d9f4b

Wiegele M, Marhofer P, Lönnqvist PA. Caudal epidural blocks in paediatric patients: a review and practical considerations. Br J Anaesth. 2019;122(4):509-517. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2018.11.030

Najman IE, Frederico TN, Segurado AV, et al. Caudal epidural anesthesia: an anesthetic technique exclusive for pediatric use? Is it possible to use it in adults? What is the role of the ultrasound in this context?. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2011;61(1):95-109. doi:10.1016/S0034-7094(11)70011-3

Elgueta MF, Duong S, Finlayson RJ, et al. Ultrasonography for neuraxial blocks: a review of the evidence. Minerva Anestesiol. 2017;83(5):512-523. doi:10.23736/S0375-9393.16.11650-5

Uyel Y, Kilicaslan A. Preprocedural Ultrasonography Versus Landmark-Guided Spinal Anesthesia in Geriatric Patients with Difficult Anatomy: A Prospective Randomized Trial. Eurasian J Med. 2021;53(1):9-14. doi:10.5152/eurasianjmed.2020.20215

Jayanthi VR, Spisak K, Smith AE, et al. Combined spinal/caudal catheter anesthesia: extending the boundaries of regional anesthesia for complex pediatric urological surgery. J Pediatr Urol. 2019;15(5):442-447. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2019.04.004

Cappiello E, O'Rourke N, Segal S, et al. A randomized trial of dural puncture epidural technique compared with the standard epidural technique for labor analgesia. Anesth Analg. 2008;107(5):1646-1651. doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e318184ec14

Chau A, Bibbo C, Huang CC, et al. Dural Puncture Epidural Technique Improves Labor Analgesia Quality With Fewer Side Effects Compared With Epidural and Combined Spinal Epidural Techniques: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Anesth Analg. 2017;124(2):560-569. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000001798

Gronwald C, Vowinkel T, Hahnenkamp K. Regional anesthetic procedures in immunosuppressed patients: risk of infection. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2011;24(6):698-704. doi:10.1097/ACO.0b013e32834cd2f0

Horlocker TT, Wedel DJ. Regional anesthesia in the immunocompromised patient. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31(4):334-345. doi:10.1016/j.rapm.2006.04.002

Barbara R, Tome R, Barua A, et al. Transient Horner syndrome following epidural anesthesia for labor: case report and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2011;66(2):114-119. doi:10.1097/OGX.0b013e31821d6e5c

Karaca Ö, Kumaş Solak S, Demirgan S, et al. Kombine spinal-epidural anestezi sonrası Horner sendromu [Horner syndrome following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia]. Agri. 2016;28(3):155-157. doi:10.5505/agri.2015.15010

Bagdure DN, Reiter PD, Bhoite GR, et al. Persistent hiccups associated with epidural ropivacaine in a newborn. Ann Pharmacother. 2011;45(6):e35. doi:10.1345/aph.1P760

Tubben RE, Jain S, Murphy PB. Epidural Blood Patch. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; July 6, 2021.

Halpern S, Preston R. Postdural puncture headache and spinal needle design. Metaanalyses. Anesthesiology. 1994;81(6):1376-1383. doi:10.1097/00000542-199412000-00012

Russell R, Laxton C, Lucas DN, et al. Treatment of obstetric post-dural puncture headache. Part 1: conservative and pharmacological management. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2019;38:93-103. doi:10.1016/j.ijoa.2018.12.006

Sen, J., & Sen, B. Non invasive Management of Post Dural Puncture Headache - A Comparison. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science. 2014;13(2):114–8. doi:10.3329/bjms.v13i2.18292.

Ergün U, Ünal-Artık HA, İnan LE, et al. Intravenous theophylline rapidly decreases post-lumbar puncture headaches. Acta Neurol Belg. 2016;116(3):337-339. doi:10.1007/s13760-015-0562-5

Karaca Ö, Pınar HU, Doğan R. Total spinal block, bupivacaine toxicity or else under epidural anaesthesia?. Agri. 2017;29(3):149-150. doi:10.5505/agri.2016.05924

Asfaw G, Eshetie A. A case of total spinal anesthesia. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2020;76:237-239. doi:10.1016/j.ijscr.2020.09.177

Women's Health Directorate Maternity guidelines High spinal and total spinal block. NHS Foundation Trust. https://www.oaa-anaes.ac.uk/assets/_managed/cms/files/Clinical%20Guidelines/HRB_Lancashire2_2017.pdf