Sekonder Baş Ağrıları
Özet
Çocuklarda baş ağrısı yaygın bir semptomdur ancak sekonder baş ağrıları, ciddi altta yatan hastalıkların habercisi olabileceği için dikkatli değerlendirilmelidir. "SNOOPPPPY" kısaltması, kırmızı bayrak olarak adlandırılan tehlikeli belirtileri tanımlayarak ileri tetkik gerektiren durumları belirlemede klinik bir rehberlik sunar. Travma, vasküler bozukluklar, enfeksiyonlar ve kafa içi basınç artışı gibi çeşitli patolojik süreçler, çocukluk çağı sekonder baş ağrılarının temel nedenlerini oluşturur. Altta yatan hastalığın doğru teşhisi ve hızlı müdahale, kalıcı nörolojik hasarları önlemek adına kritik öneme sahiptir.
Headaches are a common symptom in childhood, yet secondary headaches may signal serious underlying pathologies that require careful investigation. The "SNOOPPPPY" mnemonic serves as an essential guide for identifying "red flag" symptoms that necessitate neuroimaging and further diagnostic testing. Etiologies such as trauma, vascular diseases, intracranial hypertension, and infections are the primary drivers of these secondary conditions. Timely diagnosis of the underlying cause is crucial to guide effective treatment and prevent potential long-term neurological damage.
Referanslar
Yonker M. Secondary Headaches in Children and Adolescents: What Not to Miss. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2018;18(9):61. Published 2018 Jul 30. doi:10.1007/s11910-018-0865-z
Klein J, Koch T. Headache in Children. Pediatr Rev. 2020;41(4):159-171. doi:10.1542/pir.2017-0012
Dodick D. Headache as a symptom of ominous disease. What are the warning signals?. Postgrad Med. 1997;101(5):46-64. doi:10.3810/pgm.1997.05.217
Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(1):1-211. doi:10.1177/0333102417738202
Gofshteyn JS, Stephenson DJ. Diagnosis and Management of Childhood Headache. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2016;46(2):36-51. doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2015.11.003
Olesen J. The international classification of headache disorders. 2nd edition (ICHD-II). Rev Neurol (Paris). 2005;161(6-7):689-691. doi:10.1016/s0035-3787(05)85119-7
Abend NS, Younkin D, Lewis DW. Secondary headaches in children and adolescents. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2010;17(2):123-133. doi:10.1016/j.spen.2010.04.001
Zemek RL, Farion KJ, Sampson M, McGahern C. Prognosticators of persistent symptoms following pediatric concussion: a systematic review. JAMA Pediatr. 2013;167(3):259-265. doi:10.1001/2013.jamapediatrics.216
Kirk C, Nagiub G, Abu-Arafeh I. Chronic post-traumatic headache after head injury in children and adolescents. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;50(6):422-425. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.02063.x
Pinchefsky E, Dubrovsky AS, Friedman D, Shevell M. Part II--Management of pediatric post-traumatic headaches. Pediatr Neurol. 2015;52(3):270-280. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.10.015
Fink M, Slavova N, Grunt S, et al. Posterior Arterial Ischemic Stroke in Childhood. Stroke. 2019;50(9):2329-2335. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.025154
Ferro JM, Costa I, Melo TP, et al. Headache associated with transient ischemic attacks. Headache. 1995;35(9):544-548. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1995.hed3509544.x
Morin L, Smail A, Mercier JC, Titomanlio L. Clinical reasoning: a child with pulsatile headache and vomiting. Neurology. 2009;72(15):e69-e71. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000346690.84004.af
Hofmeister C, Stapf C, Hartmann A, et al. Demographic, morphological, and clinical characteristics of 1289 patients with brain arteriovenous malformation. Stroke. 2000;31(6):1307-1310. doi:10.1161/01.str.31.6.1307
Galletti F, Sarchielli P, Hamam M, et al. Occipital arteriovenous malformations and migraine. Cephalalgia. 2011;31(12):1320-1324. doi:10.1177/0333102411417465
Roach ES, Golomb MR, Adams R, et al. Management of stroke in infants and children: a scientific statement from a Special Writing Group of the American Heart Association Stroke Council and the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young [published correction appears in Stroke. 2009 Jan 1;40(1):e8-10]. Stroke. 2008;39(9):2644-2691. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.189696
Nash M, Rafay MF. Craniocervical Arterial Dissection in Children: Pathophysiology and Management. Pediatr Neurol. 2019;95:9-18. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.01.020
deVeber G, Andrew M, Adams C, et al. Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in children. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(6):417-423. doi:10.1056/NEJM200108093450604
Chabriat H, Levy C, Taillia H, et al. Patterns of MRI lesions in CADASIL. Neurology. 1998;51(2):452-457. doi:10.1212/wnl.51.2.452
Gaier ED, Heidary G. Pediatric Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension. Semin Neurol. 2019;39(6):704-710. doi:10.1055/s-0039-1698743
Gillson N, Jones C, Reem RE, Rogers DL, Zumberge N, Aylward SC. Incidence and Demographics of Pediatric Intracranial Hypertension. Pediatr Neurol. 2017;73:42-47. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2017.04.021
Gordon K. Pediatric pseudotumor cerebri: descriptive epidemiology. Can J Neurol Sci. 1997;24(3):219-221. doi:10.1017/s031716710002182x
Glatstein MM, Oren A, Amarilyio G, et al. Clinical characterization of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in children presenting to the emergency department: the experience of a large tertiary care pediatric hospital. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2015;31(1):6-9. doi:10.1097/PEC.0000000000000177
Aylward SC, Aronowitz C, Roach ES. Intracranial Hypertension Without Papilledema in Children. J Child Neurol. 2016;31(2):177-183. doi:10.1177/0883073815587029
Ozge A, Bolay H. Intracranial hypotension and hypertension in children and adolescents. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2014;18(7):430. doi:10.1007/s11916-014-0430-7
Hadidchi S, Surento W, Lerner A, et al. Headache and Brain Tumor. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2019;29(2):291-300. doi:10.1016/j.nic.2019.01.008
Schwedt TJ, Guo Y, Rothner AD. "Benign" imaging abnormalities in children and adolescents with headache. Headache. 2006;46(3):387-398. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00371.x
Toldo I, Tangari M, Mardari R, et al. Headache in children with Chiari I malformation. Headache. 2014;54(5):899-908. doi:10.1111/head.12341
Victorio MC, Khoury CK. Headache and Chiari I Malformation in Children and Adolescents. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2016;23(1):35-39. doi:10.1016/j.spen.2016.01.001
Toldo I, Perissinotto E, Menegazzo F, et al. Comorbidity between headache and epilepsy in a pediatric headache center. J Headache Pain. 2010;11(3):235-240. doi:10.1007/s10194-010-0191-6
Verrotti A, Coppola G, Spalice A, et al. Peri-ictal and inter-ictal headache in children and adolescents with idiopathic epilepsy: a multicenter cross-sectional study. Childs Nerv Syst. 2011;27(9):1419-1423. doi:10.1007/s00381-011-1428-7
Rajapakse T, Buchhalter J. The borderland of migraine and epilepsy in children. Headache. 2016;56(6):1071-1080. doi:10.1111/head.12827
Caraballo R, Koutroumanidis M, Panayiotopoulos CP, Fejerman N. Idiopathic childhood occipital epilepsy of Gastaut: a review and differentiation from migraine and other epilepsies. J Child Neurol. 2009;24(12):1536-1542. doi:10.1177/0883073809332395
Lewis DW, Qureshi F. Acute headache in children and adolescents presenting to the emergency department. Headache. 2000;40(3):200-203. doi:10.1046/j.1526-4610.2000.00029.x
Dilli E. Thunderclap headache. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2014;14(4):437. doi:10.1007/s11910-014-0437-9
Cruccu G, Finnerup NB, Jensen TS, et al. Trigeminal neuralgia: New classification and diagnostic grading for practice and research. Neurology. 2016;87(2):220-228. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000002840