Nörogelişimsel Bozuklukların Farmakolojik Tedavisi

Al-Jadiri A, Al-Jadiry A-M. Neurodevelopmental Disorders and the Role of Pharmacotherapy: Review and Update. Arab Journal of Psychiatry. 2020;31(1).

American Psychiatric Association D, Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

Young CA. AAP updates ADHD treatment guidelines. Pharmacy Today. 2019;25(12):22.

Pliszka S, Issues AWGoQ. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2007;46(7):894-921.

Canadian A. Resource Alliance (CADDRA): Canadian ADHD Practice Guidelines. Toronto, Ontario: CADDRA. 2018.

UK NGC. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis and management. 2018.

Mechler K, Banaschewski T, Hohmann S, Häge A. Evidence-based pharmacological treatment options for ADHD in children and adolescents. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2021:107940.

Sonuga-Barke EJ, Brandeis D, Cortese S, Daley D, Ferrin M, Holtmann M, et al. Nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of dietary and psychological treatments. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2013;170(3):275-89.

Wolraich ML, Hagan JF, Allan C, Chan E, Davison D, Earls M, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2019;144(4).

Drechsler R, Brem S, Brandeis D, Grünblatt E, Berger G, Walitza S. ADHD: Current concepts and treatments in children and adolescents. Neuropediatrics. 2020.

Vahdet G. Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğunun Psikofarmakolojik TedavisiIn: Aynur Pekcanlar Akay, Ercan ES, editors. Çocuk ve Ergen Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Ankara: Türkiye Çocuk ve Genç Psikiyatrisi Derneği Yayınları; 2018. p. 56-71

Mannem N, Mehta T, Nagarajan E, Yarasi NK, Bollu PC. ADHD and Its Therapeutics. Current Developmental Disorders Reports. 2021:1-9.

Razzak HA, Ghader N, Qureshi AA, Zafar M, Shaijan JF, Al Kuwari M. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A systematic review of the literature. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal. 2021;21(1):e12.

Findling RL. Evolution of the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children: a review. Clinical therapeutics. 2008;30(5):942-57.

López FA, Leroux JR. Long-acting stimulants for treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a focus on extended-release formulations and the prodrug lisdexamfetamine dimesylate to address continuing clinical challenges. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders. 2013;5(3):249-65.

Steingard R, Taskiran S, Connor DF, Markowitz JS, Stein MA. New formulations of stimulants: an update for clinicians. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology. 2019;29(5):324-39.

Kaplan G, Newcorn JH. Pharmacotherapy for child and adolescent attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatric Clinics. 2011;58(1):99-120.

Hodgkins P, Shaw M, Coghill D, Hechtman L. Amfetamine and methylphenidate medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: complementary treatment options. European child & adolescent psychiatry. 2012;21(9):477-92.

Wilens TE, Adler LA, Adams J, Sgambati S, Rotrosen J, Sawtelle R, et al. Misuse and diversion of stimulants prescribed for ADHD: a systematic review of the literature. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2008;47(1):21-31.

Wilens TE, Spencer TJ. The stimulants revisited. Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America. 2000;9(3):573-603.

Coghill D, Banaschewski T, Zuddas A, Pelaz A, Gagliano A, Doepfner M. Long-acting methylphenidate formulations in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review of head-to-head studies. BMC psychiatry. 2013;13(1):1-24.

Maldonado R. Comparison of the pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of new extended-release formulations of methylphenidate. Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology. 2013;9(8):1001-14.

Daughton JM, Kratochvil CJ. Review of ADHD pharmacotherapies: advantages, disadvantages, and clinical pearls. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2009;48(3):240-8.

Blick SK, Keating GM. Lisdexamfetamine. Pediatric Drugs. 2007;9(2):129-35.

Clavenna A, Bonati M. Safety of medicines used for ADHD in children: a review of published prospective clinical trials. Archives of disease in childhood. 2014;99(9):866-72.

Storebø OJ, Krogh HB, Ramstad E, Moreira-Maia CR, Holmskov M, Skoog M, et al. Methylphenidate for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: Cochrane systematic review with meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses of randomised clinical trials. Bmj. 2015;351.

Cortese S, Holtmann M, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Coghill D, Danckaerts M, et al. European ADHD: Guidelines group. practitioner review: current best practice in the management of adverse events during treatment with ADHD medications in children and adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013;54(3):227-46.

Coghill DR, Banaschewski T, Nagy P, Otero IH, Soutullo C, Yan B, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in children and adolescents with ADHD: A phase IV, 2-year, open-label study in Europe. CNS drugs. 2017;31(7):625-38.

Carucci S, Balia C, Gagliano A, Lampis A, Buitelaar JK, Danckaerts M, et al. Long term methylphenidate exposure and growth in children and adolescents with ADHD. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2021;120:509-25.

Greenhill LL, Swanson JM, Hechtman L, Waxmonsky J, Arnold LE, Molina BS, et al. Trajectories of growth associated with long-term stimulant medication in the multimodal treatment study of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2020;59(8):978-89.

Torres-Acosta N, O’Keefe JH, O’Keefe CL, Lavie CJ. Cardiovascular effects of ADHD therapies: JACC review topic of the week. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2020;76(7):858-66.

Cortese S. Psychosis during attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder treatment with stimulants. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019;380:1178-80.

Moran LV, Ongur D, Hsu J, Castro VM, Perlis RH, Schneeweiss S. Psychosis with methylphenidate or amphetamine in patients with ADHD. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019;380(12):1128-38.

MacKenzie LE, Abidi S, Fisher HL, Propper L, Bagnell A, Morash-Conway J, et al. Stimulant medication and psychotic symptoms in offspring of parents with mental illness. Pediatrics. 2016;137(1).

Cohen SC, Mulqueen JM, Ferracioli-Oda E, Stuckelman ZD, Coughlin CG, Leckman JF, et al. Meta-analysis: risk of tics associated with psychostimulant use in randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2015;54(9):728-36.

Pidsosny IC, Virani A. Pediatric psychopharmacology update: Psychostimulants and tics–Past, present and future. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2006;15(2):84.

Wiggs KK, Chang Z, Quinn PD, Hur K, Gibbons R, Dunn D, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication and seizures. Neurology. 2018;90(13):e1104-e10.

Chang Z, Ghirardi L, Quinn PD, Asherson P, D’Onofrio BM, Larsson H. Risks and benefits of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication on behavioral and neuropsychiatric outcomes: a qualitative review of pharmacoepidemiology studies using linked prescription databases. Biological psychiatry. 2019;86(5):335-43.

Rheims S, Auvin S. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy. Current Opinion in Neurology. 2021;34(2):219-25.

Gonzalez-Heydrich J, Whitney J, Waber D, Forbes P, Hsin O, Faraone SV, et al. Adaptive phase I study of OROS methylphenidate treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with epilepsy. Epilepsy & behavior. 2010;18(3):229-37.

Santos K, Palmini A, Radziuk AL, Rotert R, Bastos F, Booij L, et al. The impact of methylphenidate on seizure frequency and severity in children with attention‐deficit–hyperactivity disorder and difficult‐to‐treat epilepsies. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2013;55(7):654-60.

Bymaster FP, Katner JS, Nelson DL, Hemrick-Luecke SK, Threlkeld PG, Heiligenstein JH, et al. Atomoxetine increases extracellular levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in prefrontal cortex of rat: a potential mechanism for efficacy in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002;27(5):699-711.

Caye A, Swanson JM, Coghill D, Rohde LA. Treatment strategies for ADHD: an evidence-based guide to select optimal treatment. Molecular psychiatry. 2019;24(3):390-408.

Catalá-López F, Hutton B, Núñez-Beltrán A, Page MJ, Ridao M, Macías Saint-Gerons D, et al. The pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review with network meta-analyses of randomised trials. PloS one. 2017;12(7):e0180355.

Liu Q, Zhang H, Fang Q, Qin L. Comparative efficacy and safety of methylphenidate and atomoxetine for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: Meta-analysis based on head-to-head trials. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology. 2017;39(9):854-65.

Joseph A, Ayyagari R, Xie M, Cai S, Xie J, Huss M, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder pharmacotherapies, including guanfacine extended release: a mixed treatment comparison. European child & adolescent psychiatry. 2017;26(8):875-97.

Block SL, Kelsey D, Coury D, Lewis D, Quintana H, Sutton V, et al. Once-daily atomoxetine for treating pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: comparison of morning and evening dosing. Clinical pediatrics. 2009;48(7):723-33.

Barton J. Atomoxetine: a new pharmacotherapeutic approach in the management of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of disease in childhood. 2005;90(suppl 1):i26-i9.

Strattera® (atomoxetine hydrochloride) - Prescribing information. Retrieved October 29, 2020, from http://pi.lilly.com/us/strattera-pi.pdf [Internet]. 2020.

Michelson D, Read HA, Ruff DD, Witcher J, Zhang S, McCRACKEN J. CYP2D6 and clinical response to atomoxetine in children and adolescents with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2007;46(2):242-51.

Schwartz S, Correll CU. Efficacy and safety of atomoxetine in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from a comprehensive meta-analysis and metaregression. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2014;53(2):174-87.

Reed VA, Buitelaar JK, Anand E, Day KA, Treuer T, Upadhyaya HP, et al. The safety of atomoxetine for the treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a comprehensive review of over a decade of research. CNS drugs. 2016;30(7):603-28.

Cutler AJ, Mattingly GW, Jain R, O'Neal W. Current and future nonstimulants in the treatment of pediatric ADHD: monoamine reuptake inhibitors, receptor modulators, and multimodal agents. CNS spectrums. 2020:1-9.

Bangs ME, Tauscher-Wisniewski S, Polzer J, Zhang S, Acharya N, Desaiah D, et al. Meta-analysis of suicide-related behavior events in patients treated with atomoxetine. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2008;47(2):209-18.

Bushe CJ, Savill NC. Systematic review of atomoxetine data in childhood and adolescent attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder 2009–2011: focus on clinical efficacy and safety. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2014;28(3):204-11.

Bangs ME, Jin L, Zhang S, Desaiah D, Allen AJ, Read HA, et al. Hepatic events associated with atomoxetine treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Drug safety. 2008;31(4):345-54.

Nasser A, Gomeni R, Wang Z, Kosheleff AR, Xie L, Adeojo LW, et al. Population Pharmacokinetics of Viloxazine Extended‐Release Capsules in Pediatric Subjects With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2021.

Lamb YN. Viloxazine: Pediatric First Approval. Pediatric Drugs. 2021:1-7.

Wilens TE, Bukstein O, Brams M, Cutler AJ, Childress A, Rugino T, et al. A controlled trial of extended-release guanfacine and psychostimulants for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2012;51(1):74-85. e2.

Mucci F, Carpita B, Pagni G, Della Vecchia A, Bjedov S, Pozza A, et al. Lifetime evolution of ADHD treatment. Journal of Neural Transmission. 2021:1-14.

Newcorn JH, Huss M, Connor DF, Hervás A, Werner-Kiechle T, Robertson B. Efficacy of guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid oppositional defiant disorder. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics. 2020;41(7):565-70.

Bello NT. Clinical utility of guanfacine extended release in the treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents. Patient preference and adherence. 2015;9:877.

Hervas A, Huss M, Johnson M, McNicholas F, van Stralen J, Sreckovic S, et al. Efficacy and safety of extended-release guanfacine hydrochloride in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, controlled, phase III trial. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2014;24(12):1861-72.

Young JR, Yanagihara A, Dew R, Kollins SH. Pharmacotherapy for Preschool Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Current Status and Future Directions. CNS drugs. 2021:1-22.

Thabrew H, Viswanathan A, Eggleston M, Moor S, Chinn D. Consensus or chaos: Survey of prescribing practices of New Zealand child and adolescent psychiatrists for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2020;74:101553.

Volkmar F, Siegel M, Woodbury-Smith M, King B, McCracken J, State M. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2014;53(2):237-57.

Howes OD, Rogdaki M, Findon JL, Wichers RH, Charman T, King BH, et al. Autism spectrum disorder: Consensus guidelines on assessment, treatment and research from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2018;32(1):3-29.

Pastorino GMG, Operto FF, Coppola G. Pharmacotherapy in autism spectrum disorder: how, when and why. BRAIN Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience. 2020;11(1Sup1):47-56.

Lord C, Elsabbagh M, Baird G, Veenstra-Vanderweele J. Autism spectrum disorder. The Lancet. 2018;392(10146):508-20.

Lamy M, Erickson CA. Pharmacological management of behavioral disturbances in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care. 2018;48(10):250-64.

Lamy M, Pedapati EV, Dominick KL, Wink LK, Erickson CA. Recent advances in the pharmacological management of behavioral disturbances associated with autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatric Drugs. 2020:1-11.

Bowden N, Thabrew H, Kokaua J, Braund R. National prescribing rates and polypharmacy for children and young people in New Zealand with and without autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2020;78:101642.

Hayes J, Ford T, Rafeeque H, Russell G. Clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in adults and children in the UK: a narrative review. BMC psychiatry. 2018;18(1):1-25.

Tanıdır C, Motavalli Mukaddes N. otizm spektrum bozuklukları. In: Akay Pekcanlar A EEe, editor. Çocuk ve Ergen Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Ankara: Türkiye Çocuk ve Genç Psikiyatrisi Derneği; 2018. p. 126-49.

Feroe AG, Uppal N, Gutiérrez-Sacristán A, Mousavi S, Greenspun P, Surati R, et al. Medication Use in the Management of Comorbidities Among Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder From a Large Nationwide Insurance Database. JAMA pediatrics. 2021.

Goel R, Hong JS, Findling RL, Ji NY. An update on pharmacotherapy of autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents. International review of psychiatry. 2018;30(1):78-95.

D’Alò GL, De Crescenzo F, Amato L, Cruciani F, Davoli M, Fulceri F, et al. Impact of antipsychotics in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health and quality of life outcomes. 2021;19(1):1-19.

DeVane CL, Charles JM, Abramson RK, Williams JE, Carpenter LA, Raven S, et al. Pharmacotherapy of autism spectrum disorder: Results from the randomized BAART clinical trial. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2019;39(6):626-35.

Persico AM, Ricciardello A, Lamberti M, Turriziani L, Cucinotta F, Brogna C, et al. The pediatric psychopharmacology of autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review-Part I: The past and the present. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2021:110326.

Bartram LA, Lozano J, Coury DL. Aripiprazole for treating irritability associated with autism spectrum disorders. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy. 2019;20(12):1421-7.

Ichikawa H, Mikami K, Okada T, Yamashita Y, Ishizaki Y, Tomoda A, et al. Aripiprazole in the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder in Japan: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Child Psychiatry & Human Development. 2017;48(5):796-806.

Pistollato F, Forbes-Hernández TY, Iglesias RC, Ruiz R, Zabaleta ME, Cianciosi D, et al. Pharmacological, non-pharmacological and stem cell therapies for the management of autism spectrum disorders: A focus on human studies. Pharmacological research. 2020;152:104579.

Hesapcioglu ST, Ceylan MF, Kasak M, Sen CP. Olanzapine, risperidone, and aripiprazole use in children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2020;72:101520.

Maneeton N, Maneeton B, Putthisri S, Woottiluk P, Narkpongphun A, Srisurapanont M. Risperidone for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment. 2018;14:1811.

Kent JM, Kushner S, Ning X, Karcher K, Ness S, Aman M, et al. Risperidone dosing in children and adolescents with autistic disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2013;43(8):1773-83.

McCracken JT, McGough J, Shah B, Cronin P, Hong D, Aman MG, et al. Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems. New England journal of medicine. 2002;347(5):314-21.

Shea S, Turgay A, Carroll A, Schulz M, Orlik H, Smith I, et al. Risperidone in the treatment of disruptive behavioral symptoms in children with autistic and other pervasive developmental disorders. Pediatrics. 2004;114(5):e634-e41.

Luby J, Mrakotsky C, Stalets MM, Belden A, Heffelfinger A, Williams M, et al. Risperidone in preschool children with autistic spectrum disorders: an investigation of safety and efficacy. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2006;16(5):575-87.

Nagaraj R, Singhi P, Malhi P. Risperidone in children with autism: randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Journal of Child Neurology. 2006;21(6):450-5.

Troost PW, Lahuis BE, Steenhuis M-P, Ketelaars CE, Buitelaar JK, van Engeland H, et al. Long-term effects of risperidone in children with autism spectrum disorders: a placebo discontinuation study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2005;44(11):1137-44.

Network RUoPPA. Risperidone treatment of autistic disorder: longer-term benefits and blinded discontinuation after 6 months. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2005;162(7):1361-9.

Maneeton N, Maneeton B, Putthisri S, Suttajit S, Likhitsathian S, Srisurapanont M. Aripiprazole in acute treatment of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment. 2018;14:3063.

Ghanizadeh A, Sahraeizadeh A, Berk M. A head-to-head comparison of aripiprazole and risperidone for safety and treating autistic disorders, a randomized double blind clinical trial. Child Psychiatry & Human Development. 2014;45(2):185-92.

Hirsch LE, Pringsheim T. Aripiprazole for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (6).

Sochocky N, Milin R. Second Generation Antipsychotics in Asperger’s Disorder and High Functioning Autism: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Effectiveness of Meta-Analysis. Current clinical pharmacology. 2013;8(4):370-9.

Pillay J, Boylan K, Carrey N, Newton A, Vandermeer B, Nuspl M, et al. First-and second-generation antipsychotics in children and young adults: systematic review update. 2017.

Autism P. Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of methylphenidate in pervasive developmental disorders with hyperactivity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(11):1266-74.

Reichow B, Volkmar FR, Bloch MH. Systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacological treatment of the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2013;43(10):2435-41.

Schachter HM, King J, Langford S, Moher D. How efficacious and safe is short-acting methylphenidate for the treatment of attention-deficit disorder in children and adolescents? A meta-analysis. Cmaj. 2001;165(11):1475-88.

Arnold LE, Aman MG, Cook AM, Witwer AN, Hall KL, Thompson S, et al. Atomoxetine for hyperactivity in autism spectrum disorders: placebo-controlled crossover pilot trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2006;45(10):1196-205.

Harfterkamp M, van de Loo-Neus G, Minderaa RB, van der Gaag R-J, Escobar R, Schacht A, et al. A randomized double-blind study of atomoxetine versus placebo for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2012;51(7):733-41.

Harfterkamp M, Buitelaar JK, Minderaa RB, van de Loo-Neus G, van der Gaag R-J, Hoekstra PJ. Long-term treatment with atomoxetine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: an open-label extension study. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology. 2013;23(3):194-9.

Ghanizadeh A. Atomoxetine for treating ADHD symptoms in autism: a systematic review. Journal of attention disorders. 2013;17(8):635-40.

Patra S, Nebhinani N, Viswanathan A, Kirubakaran R. Atomoxetine for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with autism: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Autism research. 2019;12(4):542-52.

Fankhauser MP, Karumanchi VC, German ML, Yates A, Karumanchi S. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of transdermal clonidine in autism. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. 1992.

Jaselskis CA, Cook EH, Fletcher KE. Clonidine treatment of hyperactive and impulsive children with autistic disorder. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology. 1992.

Scahill L, McCracken JT, King BH, Rockhill C, Shah B, Politte L, et al. Extended-release guanfacine for hyperactivity in children with autism spectrum disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2015;172(12):1197-206.

Politte LC, Scahill L, Figueroa J, McCracken JT, King B, McDougle CJ. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of extended-release guanfacine in children with autism spectrum disorder and ADHD symptoms: an analysis of secondary outcome measures. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018;43(8):1772-8.

Rodrigues R, Lai MC, Beswick A, Gorman DA, Anagnostou E, Szatmari P, et al. Practitioner Review: Pharmacological treatment of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children and youth with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2021;62(6):680-700.

Yu Y, Chaulagain A, Pedersen SA, Lydersen S, Leventhal BL, Szatmari P, et al. Pharmacotherapy of restricted/repetitive behavior in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC psychiatry. 2020;20(1):1-11.

Crowell JA, Spring L, Popivker Z, Mitrani P. 1.42 Benefits of Very Low Dose Fluoxetine in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2017;56(10):S166.

Reddihough DS, Marraffa C, Mouti A, O’Sullivan M, Lee KJ, Orsini F, et al. Effect of fluoxetine on obsessive-compulsive behaviors in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized clinical trial. Jama. 2019;322(16):1561-9.

Posey DJ, Guenin KD, Kohn AE, Swiezy NB, McDougle CJ. A naturalistic open-label study of mirtazapine in autistic and other pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology. 2001;11(3):267-77.

Coskun M, Karakoc S, Kircelli F, Mukaddes NM. Effectiveness of mirtazapine in the treatment of inappropriate sexual behaviors in individuals with autistic disorder. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology. 2009;19(2):203-6.

Hellings JA, Weckbaugh M, Nickel EJ, Cain SE, Zarcone JR, Reese RM, et al. ADouble-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Valproate for Aggression in Youth with Pervasive Developmental Disorders. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2005;15(4):682-92.

Hollander E, Soorya L, Wasserman S, Esposito K, Chaplin W, Anagnostou E. Divalproex sodium vs. placebo in the treatment of repetitive behaviours in autism spectrum disorder. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;9(2):209-13.

Belsito KM, Law PA, Kirk KS, Landa RJ, Zimmerman AW. Lamotrigine therapy for autistic disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2001;31(2):175-81.

Wasserman S, Iyengar R, Chaplin WF, Watner D, Waldoks SE, Anagnostou E, et al. Levetiracetam versus placebo in childhood and adolescent autism: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. International clinical psychopharmacology. 2006;21(6):363-7.

Siegel M, Beresford CA, Bunker M, Verdi M, Vishnevetsky D, Karlsson C, et al. Preliminary investigation of lithium for mood disorder symptoms in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology. 2014;24(7):399-402.

Buckley AW, Hirtz D, Oskoui M, Armstrong MJ, Batra A, Bridgemohan C, et al. Practice guideline: Treatment for insomnia and disrupted sleep behavior in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2020;94(9):392-404.

Souders MC, Zavodny S, Eriksen W, Sinko R, Connell J, Kerns C, et al. Sleep in children with autism spectrum disorder. Current psychiatry reports. 2017;19(6):34.

Reynolds AM, Malow BA. Sleep and autism spectrum disorders. Pediatric Clinics. 2011;58(3):685-98.

Gringras P, Nir T, Breddy J, Frydman-Marom A, Findling RL. Efficacy and safety of pediatric prolonged-release melatonin for insomnia in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2017;56(11):948-57. e4.

Schroder CM, Malow BA, Maras A, Melmed RD, Findling RL, Breddy J, et al. Pediatric prolonged-release melatonin for sleep in children with autism spectrum disorder: impact on child behavior and caregiver’s quality of life. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2019;49(8):3218-30.

Cuomo BM, Vaz S, Lee EAL, Thompson C, Rogerson JM, Falkmer T. Effectiveness of sleep‐based interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder: a meta‐synthesis. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2017;37(5):555-78.

Deeb W, Malaty IA, Mathews CA. Tourette disorder and other tic disorders. Handbook of clinical neurology. 2019;165:123-53.

Eapen V, Usherwood T. Tourette syndrome in children. Australian Journal of General Practice. 2021;50(3):120-5.

Liu Z-S, Cui Y-H, Sun D, Lu Q, Jiang Y-W, Jiang L, et al. Current status, diagnosis, and treatment recommendation for tic disorders in China. Frontiers in psychiatry. 2020;11:774.

Malik O, Hedderly T. Childhood tic disorders: diagnosis and management. Paediatrics and Child Health. 2018;28(10):445-53.

Andrén P, Jakubovski E, Murphy TL, Woitecki K, Tarnok Z, Zimmerman-Brenner S, et al. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders—version 2.0. Part II: psychological interventions. European child & adolescent psychiatry. 2021:1-21.

Szejko N, Robinson S, Hartmann A, Ganos C, Debes NM, Skov L, et al. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders—version 2.0. Part I: assessment. European child & adolescent psychiatry. 2021:1-20.

Martino D. Update on the treatment of tics in tourette syndrome and other chronic tic disorders. Current Treatment Options in Neurology. 2020;22(4):1-21.

Andrén P, Wachtmeister V, Franzé J, Speiner C, Fernandez de la Cruz L, Andersson E, et al. Effectiveness of behaviour therapy for children and adolescents with tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorder in a naturalistic setting. Child Psychiatry & Human Development. 2021;52(4):739-50.

Pringsheim T, Okun MS, Müller-Vahl K, Martino D, Jankovic J, Cavanna AE, et al. Practice guideline recommendations summary: treatment of tics in people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurology. 2019;92(19):896-906.

Dinç G, Sekmen E, Goker Z, Çöp E, Üneri Ö. Tik bozukluğu tanılı çocuklarda farmakoterapi uygulamaları: Geriye dönük, kesitsel bir çalışma. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2020;23(2).

Roessner V, Eichele H, Stern JS, Skov L, Rizzo R, Debes NM, et al. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders—version 2.0. Part III: pharmacological treatment. European child & adolescent psychiatry. 2021:1-17.

Murphy TK, Lewin AB, Storch EA, Stock S. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with tic disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2013;52(12):1341-59.

Pringsheim T DA, Gorman D, et al. Canadian Guidelines for the Evidence-Based Treatment of Tic Disorders: Pharmacotherapy. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2012;57(3):133-43.

Jankovic J. Treatment of tics associated with Tourette syndrome. Journal of Neural Transmission. 2020:1-8.

Cox JH, Cavanna AE. Aripiprazole for the treatment of Tourette syndrome. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 2021;21(4):381-91.

Cothros N, Medina A, Pringsheim T. Current pharmacotherapy for tic disorders. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy. 2020;21(5):567-80.

Kenney CJ, Hunter CB, Mejia NI, Jankovic J. Tetrabenazine in the treatment of Tourette syndrome. Journal of Pediatric Neurology. 2007;5(1):9-13.

Billnitzer A, Jankovic J. Current management of tics and tourette syndrome: behavioral, pharmacologic, and surgical treatments. Neurotherapeutics. 2020:1-13.

Yu L, Yan J, Wen F, Wang F, Liu J, Cui Y, et al. Revisiting the efficacy and tolerability of topiramate for Tic disorders: a meta-analysis. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology. 2020;30(5):316-25.

Fletcher J, Martino D, Pringsheim T. Novel pharmacological approaches for Tourette syndrome. Current Developmental Disorders Reports. 2020:1-7.

Quezada J, Coffman KA. Current approaches and new developments in the pharmacological management of Tourette syndrome. CNS drugs. 2018;32(1):33-45.