Sistemik Enfeksiyonlarda Santral Sinir Sistemi Bulguları
Özet
Bakteriler, virüsler ve parazitler gibi enfeksiyon etkenleri santral sinir sistemini doğrudan veya dolaylı yollarla ciddi biçimde etkileyebilmektedir. Bu derleme, özellikle çocukluk döneminde önemli bir mortalite ve morbidite nedeni olan HIV enfeksiyonunun ve sepsis kaynaklı ensefalopatinin nörolojik etkilerini incelemektedir. Erken tanı ve doğru tedavi yaklaşımı, bu klinik durumların yönetilmesinde ve uzun dönem nörolojik komplikasyonların azaltılmasında hayati bir rol oynamaktadır.
Infections such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites can significantly impact the central nervous system through direct or indirect mechanisms. This review examines the neurological effects of HIV infection and sepsis-associated encephalopathy, which are critical causes of morbidity and mortality, particularly in children. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment strategies play a vital role in managing these clinical conditions and reducing long-term neurological complications.
Referanslar
UNAIDS. Fact Sheet 2021. Global HIV statistics. Available at:https://www. Unaids. Org/sites/default/files/media-asset/UNAIDS-Fact Sheet-en.pdf (Accesed on September 20, 2021)
Deeks S.G, Lewin S.R, Havlir D.V. The end of AIDS: HIV infection as a chronic disease. Lancet 2013; 382, 1525–1533.
Sütçü M, Aktürk H, Somer A, "et al" . Mother-to-child transmisson of HIV: an eight-year experience. Mikrobiyol Bul 2015;49:542-53.
Buzgan T, Torunoğlu MA, Gökengin D, "et al". Gebelerde HIV enfeksiyonunun tedavisi ve anneden bebeğe bulaşın önlenmesi, Sağlık Bakanlığı HIV/AIDS Tanı ve Tedavi Rehberi, Ankara:2013; 73-80
Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA, Long SS, "et al". Red Book: 2018 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 31st ed. Itasca, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2018. p. 459-475.
Yogev R, Chadwick EG. Acquired Immonodeficiency Syndrome. In: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Ed: Kliegman, Stanton, St Geme, Schor. Edition 20. Elsevier 2016. pp.1645-1666.
World Health Organization. Global Update on the Health Sector Response to HIV, 2014. Geneva: WHO; 2014.
Gillespie SL. Pediatric HIV infection. Classification, clinical manifestations and outcome. Erişim: www. uptodate. com
Arendt G, Hefter H, Elsing C, Strohmeyer G, Freund HJ. Motor dysfunction in HIV-infected patients without clinically detectable central-nervous deficit. J Neurol 1990; 237:362–368.
Mc Arthur JC, Hoover DR, Bacellar H, "et al". Dementia in AIDS patients: incidence and risk factors. Neurology 1993; 43:2245–2252.
Blokhuis C, Kootstra NA , Caan MWA, Pajkrt D; Neurodevelopmental delay in pediatric HIV/AIDS: current perspectives. Neurobehavioral HIV Medicine 2016; 7:1-13
Patel K, Ming X, Williams PL, Robertson KR, Oleske JM, Seage GR 3rd; International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials 219/219C Study Team. Impact of HAART and CNS-penetrating antiretroviral regimens on HIV encephalopathy among perinatally infected children and adolescents. AIDS. 2009 ;23(14):1893-901
CDC. Classification system for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children under 13 years of age. MMWR 1987;36:225-30,235.
Mintz M, Epstein LG. Neurologic manifestations of pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Semin Neurol 1992;12:51–56.
Gavin P, Yogev G. Central nervous system abnormalities in pediatric human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatr Neurosurg 1999;31:115–123.
Sherr L,Croome N, Castaneda K.P, Bradshaw K.; Romero R.H.Developmental challenges in HIV infected children - An updated systematic review Child Youth Serv.Rev. 2014: 45: 74–89.
Kerr SJ, Puthanakit T, Malee KM, "et al". Increased risk of executive function and emotional behavioral problems among virologically well-controlled perinatally HIV-infected adolescents in Thailand and Cambodia. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome .2019:82: 297–304.
Van Opstal SEM, Dogterom EJ, Wagener MN, "et al" .Neuropsychological and Psychosocial Functioning of Children with Perinatal HIV-Infection in The Netherlands. Viruses. 2021; 13(10):1947.
Patel K, Ming X, Williams PL, Robertson KR, Oleske JM, Seage GR 3rd; International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials 219/219C Study Team. Impact of HAART and CNS-penetrating antiretroviral regimens on HIV encephalopathy among perinatally infected children and adolescents. AIDS. 2009;23(14):1893-901.
Cohen S, Ter Stege JA, Geurtsen GJ ‘’et al’’ Poorer cognitive performance in perinatally HIV infected children versus healthy socioeconomically matched controls. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60 (7); 1111-1119.
Koekkoek S, de Sonneville L, Wolfs T.F ,Licht R, Geelen, S.P. Neurocognitive function profile in HIV-infected school-age children. Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol. 2008, 12, 290–297.
Lindsey JC, Malee KM, Brouwers P, Hughes MD. Neurodevelopmental functioning in HIV-infected infants and young children before and after the introduction of protease inhibitor-based highly active antiretroviral therapy. Pediatrics. 2007;119(3):e681–e693.
Ferguson G, Jelsma J. The prevalence of motor delay among HIV infected children living in Cape Town, South Africa. Int J Rehabil Res. 2009;32:108–114.
Laughton B, Cornell M, Grove D,‘’et al’’. Early antiretroviral therapy improves neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants. AIDS. 2012;26: 1685–1690.
Chase C, Ware J, Hittelman J, ’’et al’’. Early cognitive and motor development among infants born to women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Women and Infants Transmission Study Group. Pediatrics (2000) 106 (2): 235–243.
Lowick S, Sawry S, Meyers T. Neurodevelopmental delay among HIV-infected preschool children receiving antiretroviral therapy and healthy preschool children in Soweto, South Africa. Psychol Health Med 2012;17(5):599–610.
Valcour V, Chalermvchai T, Sailasuta N,’’et al’’. Central nervous system viral invasion and inflamation during acute HIV infection. J Infect Dis 2012; 206: 275-282.
Ruel TD, Boivin MJ, Boal HE, ‘’et al’’. Neurocognitive and motor deficits in HIV infected Ugandan children with high CD4 cell counts. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54 (7):1001-1009.
Lowick S, Sawry S, Meyers T. Neurodevelopment delay among HIV infected preschool children receving anti retroviral therapy and healthy preschool children in Soweto. South Africa. Psychol Health Med. 2012; 17 (5): 599-610.
Laughton B, Cornell M, Boivin M, Van Rie A. Neurodevelopment in perinatally HIV-infected children: a concern for adolescence. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013;16(1):18603.
Whitehead N, Potterton J, Coovadia A. The neurodevelopmental of HIV infected infants on HAART compared to HIV exposed but uninfected infants. AIDS Care 2014; 26:497-504.
Brahmbhatt H, Boivin M, Ssempijja V, ‘’et al’’. Neurodevelopmental benefits of Anti-Retroviral Therapy in Ugandan children 0–6 Years of age with HIV Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014; 67(3): 316–322.
Brackis-Cott E, Kang E, Dolezal C, Abrams EJ, Mellins CA. The impact of perinatal HIV infection on older school-aged children's and adolescents' receptive language and word recognition skills. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2009;(6):415-21.
Van Rie A, Mupulala A, Dow A. Impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the neurodevelopment of preschool-aged children in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Pediatrics 2008; 122 (1): e123-128.
Madhi SA, Madhi A, Petersen K, Khoosal M, Klugman KP. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on the epidemiology and outcome of bacterial meningitis in South African children. Int J Infect Dis. 2001;5(3):119-25.
Molyneux EM, Tembo M, Kayira K. The effect of HIV infection on paediatric bacterial meningitis in Blantyre, Malawi. Arch Dis Child 2003; 88: 1112–8.
Ren Y, Nuttall JJ, Egbers C. Effect of rifampicin on lopinavir pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected children with tuberculosis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008;47: 566–9.
Little R. Neoplastic disease in pediatric HIV infection. In: Zeichner SL, Read JS, eds. Handbook of Pedaitric HIV Care. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 637–49.
Connor M. Stroke in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.2007;78: 1291.
Wilmshurst JM, Burgess J, Hartley P, Eley B. Specific neurologic complications of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in children. J Child Neurol 2006; 21: 788–94.
Petito CK, Navia BA, Cho ES, Jordan BD, George DC, Price RW. Vacuolar myelopathy pathologically resembling subacute combined degeneration in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1985;312(14):874-9.
Brannagan TH, Zhou Y.HIV-associated Guillain–Barré syndrome. J Neurol Sci 2003; 208: 39–42
Dickson D, Llen AJF, Werdenheim KM, et.al (1990) CNS pathology in children with AIDS and focal neurologic signs: stroke and lymphoma. In: Kozlowski PB, Snider DA, Vietze PM, Wisniewski HM, eds. Brain in Pediatric AIDS. Basel: Karger, pp. 147–57.
Mochan A, Modi M, Modi G. Protein S deficiency in HIV associated ischaemic stroke: an epiphenomenon of HIV infection. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005:76(10):1455-6.
Puthanakit T, Oberdorfer P, Akarathum N, Wannarit P, Sirisanthana T, Sirisanthana V. Immune reconstitution syndrome after highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected thai children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006 ;25(1):53-8
Nuttall JJ, Wilmshurst JM, Ndondo AP,’’et al’’.Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy in a child with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection: a case of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004 (7):683-5.
