Estetik Uygulamalarda Etik
Özet
Günümüzde genç ve güzel görünme kaygısıyla estetik uygulamalara olan talep hızla artarken, bu durum plastik cerrahide etik kararsızlıkları ve kimlik bunalımlarını beraberinde getirmektedir. Hekimliğin temelindeki "önce zarar verme" ilkesi ışığında, biyomedikal etiğin özerkliğe saygı, fayda sağlama, zarar vermemek ve adil olmak şeklindeki dört temel prensibi estetik cerrahide kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Hastaların işlem öncesinde olası tüm riskler, komplikasyonlar ve alternatif tedaviler hakkında ayrıntılı bilgilendirilerek özgür iradeleriyle onam vermeleri hukuki ve etik bir zorunluluktur. Beden algı bozukluğu olan veya gerçekçi beklentilere sahip olmayan hastalar ile adölesan gruplarda psikiyatrik konsültasyonların yapılması, suistimallerin ve malpraktis risklerinin önlenmesi açısından hayati önem taşımaktadır. Sektörün yüksek kâr marjlı yapısı, ticarileşme, etik dışı reklamlar ve sertifikasız yetkisiz kişilerin halk sağlığını tehdit eden müdahaleleri estetik endüstrisindeki yozlaşmayı artırmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, gelişen teknolojiyle birlikte çeşitlenen estetik operasyonlarda etik krizlerin önüne geçebilmek adına, hekimler hastaları sadece birer pazar tüketicisi olarak görmemeli, hastanın en yüksek menfaatini gözeten tıbbi ve etik prensiplere sıkı sıkıya bağlı kalmalıdır.
In today's world, while the demand for aesthetic procedures is rapidly increasing due to the desire to look young and beautiful, this situation brings along ethical uncertainties and identity crises in plastic surgery. In light of the fundamental medical principle of "first, do no harm," the four core principles of biomedical ethics—respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice—play a critical role in aesthetic surgery. It is a legal and ethical necessity for patients to be informed in detail about all potential risks, complications, and alternative treatments before the procedure so they can give consent with their free will. Performing psychiatric consultations for patients with body dysmorphic disorder, those with unrealistic expectations, and adolescent groups is of vital importance to prevent malpractice risks and exploitation. The high-profit-margin nature of the sector, commercialization, unethical advertising, and interventions by unauthorized individuals without certifications threaten public health and increase corruption in the aesthetic industry. Consequently, to prevent ethical crises in aesthetic operations that diversify with developing technology, physicians should not view patients merely as market consumers but must strictly adhere to medical and ethical principles that prioritize the patient's highest welfare.
Referanslar
Mousavi SR. The ethics of aesthetic surgery. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2010;3(1):38-40. doi:10.4103/0974-2077.63396
Atiyeh BS, Rubeiz MT, Hayek SN. Aesthetic/Cosmetic Surgery and Ethical Challenges. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2020 Aug;44(4):1364-1374. doi: 10.1007/s00266-020-01821-z.
Beauchamp T.Childress J.,1979.Principles of biomedical ethics.4.Baskı.Oxford
Minerva F. Cosmetic surgery and conscientious objection. J Med Ethics. 2017 Apr;43(4):230-233. doi: 10.1136.
de Souza TSC, Patrial MTCRO, Meneguetti AFC. Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Rhinoplasty Candidates: Prevalence and Functional Correlations. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2021 Apr;45(2):641-648. doi: 10.1007/s00266-020-01930-9.
Atiyeh BS, Chahine F, Abou Ghanem O. Social Media and Plastic Surgery Practice Building: A Thin Line Between Efficient Marketing, Professionalism, and Ethics. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2021 Jun;45(3):1310-1321. doi: 10.1007/s00266-020-01961-2.
Bermant MA. Ethics of cosmetic plastic surgery in adolescents. Virtual Mentor. 2005 Mar 1;7(3):virtualmentor.2005.7.3.oped2-0503. doi: 10.1001.
Markey AC. Dermatologists and cosmetic surgery--a personal view of regulation and training issues. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2004 Nov;29(6):690-2. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2004.01640.x.
Rohrich RJ. The market of plastic surgery: cosmetic surgery for sale--at what price? Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001 Jun;107(7):1845-7. doi: 10.1097/00006534-200106000-00033.
Mavroforou A, Giannoukas A, Michalodimitrakis E. Medical litigation in cosmetic plastic surgery. Med Law. 2004;23(3):479-88. PMID: 15532942.
Maio G. Ist die ästhetische Chirurgie überhaupt noch Medizin? Eine ethische Kritik [Is aesthetic surgery still really medicine? An ethical critique]. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. 2007 Jun;39(3):189-94; discussion 195-6. German. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-965328.
Frederick DA, Lever J, Peplau LA. Interest in cosmetic surgery and body image: views of men and women across the lifespan. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007 Oct;120(5):1407-1415. doi: 10.1097/01.prs.0000279375.26157.64.
Ricketson G. Basis for cosmetic surgery. South Med J. 1962 Mar;55:269-73. doi: 10.1097/00007611-196203000-00011.
Silkiss RZ. Eight-fold path to happiness for the cosmetic surgery patient. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006 May-Jun;22(3):157-60. doi: 10.1097/01.iop.0000214509.24446.32.
Cantor J. Cosmetic dermatology and physicians' ethical obligations: more than just hope in a jar. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2005 Sep;24(3):155-60. doi: 10.1016/j.sder.2005.04.005.
Brody HJ, Geronemus RG, Farris PK. Beauty versus medicine: the nonphysician practice of dermatologic surgery. Dermatol Surg. 2003 Apr;29(4):319-24. doi: 10.1046/j.1524-4725.2003.29088.x.
Beederman M, Jaffe J, Kuchta K et al. Office-Based Forehead Flaps: A Safe and Reliable Reconstructive Option. Ann Plast Surg. 2021 Mar 1;86(3):287-291. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000002478.
Krieger LM, Shaw WW. Managed care's attempts to capture aesthetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001 Jan;107(1):258-63. doi: 10.1097/00006534-200101000-00044.
Krieger LM. Discount cosmetic surgery: industry trends and strategies for success. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002 Aug;110(2):614-9. doi: 10.1097/00006534-200208000-00039.
Spilson SV, Chung KC, Greenfield ML, et al. Are plastic surgery advertisements conforming to the ethical codes of the american society of plastic surgeons? Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002 Mar;109(3):1181-6. doi: 10.1097/00006534-200203000-00063.
O'Brien CM, Thorburn TG, Sibbel-Linz A, et al. Consent for plastic surgical procedures. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2006;59(9):983-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2006.03.002.
