Dudak Rekonstruksiyonları
Özet
Dudak rekonstrüksiyonu, tarihçesi MÖ 3000'lere kadar uzanan ve hem estetik hem de işlevsel açıdan hassas planlama gerektiren zorlayıcı bir cerrahi süreçtir. Dudaklar, üstte burun tabanı, yanlarda nazolabial ve altta mentolabial kıvrımlarla sınırlanan, deri, mukoza ve orbicularis oris kasından oluşan kompozit yapılardır. Onarım teknikleri defektin horizontal boyutuna göre belirlenir; %33'ten küçük küçük defektlerde kama, pentagonal veya W eksizyonu gibi primer onarım veya bilateral ilerletme flepleri uygulanır. %30 ila %60 arasındaki orta büyüklükteki kusurlarda, dönme ve dudak değiştirme prensibine dayanan Abbe veya komissür yerleşimli tek aşamalı Estlander flepleri tercih edilir. %60'tan büyük geniş defektlerde ise nörovasküler yapıyı ve dudak hareketlerini koruyan tek aşamalı Karapandzic tekniği, karşıt dudaktan parça alan Gillies fan flebi veya yanak dokusunu kullanan Bernard-von Burrow-Webster tekniği uygulanır. Çok daha büyük ve geride doku kalmayan kusurlarda mikrovasküler radyal ön kol serbest flebi gibi ileri yöntemlere başvurulur. Başarılı bir rekonstrüksiyon için vermilyon sınırının korunması, orbikülaris kas bütünlüğünün sağlanması, duyusal ve motor fonksiyonların restorasyonu ile izlerin estetik sınırlara gizlenmesi kritik önem taşımaktadır.
Lip reconstruction is a challenging surgical process with a history dating back to 3000 BC, requiring precise planning from both aesthetic and functional perspectives. Lips are composite structures consisting of skin, mucosa, and the orbicularis oris muscle, bounded by the nasal base superiorly, nasolabial folds laterally, and the mentolabial fold inferiorly. Repair techniques are determined by the horizontal size of the defect; small defects under 33% are treated with primary closure using wedge, pentagonal, or W excisions, or bilateral advancement flaps. For medium-sized defects between 30% and 60%, the Abbe flap, which is based on rotation and lip-switching, or the single-stage Estlander flap located at the commissure is preferred. For large defects exceeding 60%, the single-stage Karapandzic technique that preserves neurovascular structures and mobility, the Gillies fan flap that advances tissue from the opposite lip, or the Bernard-von Burrow-Webster technique using cheek tissue is applied. In massive defects where insufficient tissue remains, microvascular radial forearm free flaps are utilized. Preserving the vermilion border, restoring the continuity of the orbicularis muscle sphincter, maintaining sensory and motor functions, and placing incisions along aesthetic boundaries are critical for achieving optimal functional and cosmetic outcomes.
Referanslar
Hessler F. Commentarii et annotationes in susrutae ayurvedam enlager. Enke. 1855;12:1855.
Abbe R. A NEW PLASTIC OPERATION FOR THE RELIEF OF DEFORMITY DUE TO DOUBLF HARELIP. Medical Record (1866-1922). 1898;53(14):477.
Estlander J. Eine Methode aus der einen Lippe Substanzverluste der anderen zu ersetzen. Arch klin Chir. 1872;14:622-631.
DeFatta R, Williams III E. Lip reconstruction. Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 3rd ed New York, NY: Thieme Medical Publishers. 2009:841-854.
Ishii LE, Byrne PJ. Lip reconstruction. Facial plastic surgery clinics of North America. 2009;17(3):445-453.
Ilankovan V, Ethunandan M, Seah TE. Local flaps in facial reconstruction: a defect based Approach: Springer; 2015.
Renner G, Baker S. Reconstruction of the Lip: Local Flaps in Facial Reconstruction. 2007.
Coppit GL, Lin DT, Burkey BB. Current concepts in lip reconstruction. Current opinion in otolaryngology & head and neck surgery. 2004;12(4):281-287.
Langstein HN, Robb GL. Lip and perioral reconstruction. Clinics in plastic surgery. 2005;32(3):431-445.
Dupin C, Metzinger S, Rizzuto R. Lip reconstruction after ablation for skin malignancies. Clinics in plastic surgery. 2004;31(1):69-85.
Krunic AL, Weitzul S, Taylor RS. Advanced reconstructive techniques for the lip and perioral area. Dermatologic clinics. 2005;23(1):43-53.
Anvar BA, Evans BC, Evans GR. Lip reconstruction. Plastic and reconstructive surgery. 2007;120(4):57e-64e.
Kroll S. Lip reconstruction. Reconstructive Plastic Surgery for Cancer St Louis, MO: Mosby Year Book. 1996:201-209.
Ong WC, Lim J, Lim TC. A modification of the bilobed and Karapandzic flap used for reconstruction of the lower lip. Plastic and reconstructive surgery. 2005;115(7):2154-2155.
McCarn KE, Park SS. Lip reconstruction. Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics. 2005;13(2):301-314.
Sadove RC, Luce EA, McGrath PC. Reconstruction of the lower lip and chin with the composite radial forearm-palmaris longus free flap. Plastic and reconstructive surgery. 1991;88(2):209-214.