Adrenal Bezin Nöroblastik Tümörleri

Özet

Adrenal bezin nöroblastik tümörleri, nöral krest gelişimi sırasında sempatoadrenal kökenden kaynaklanan ve çocukluk çağında en sık görülen ekstrakraniyal solid tümör grubudur. Uluslararası Nöroblastom Patoloji Sınıflandırması (INPC) kapsamında nöroblastom, intermikst ganglionöroblastom, nodüler ganglionöroblastom ve ganglionöroma olmak üzere dört temel kategoride ele alınır. Genellikle beş yaşından önce tanı alan bu kitleler, primer tümörün yerleşim yerine veya metastazlara bağlı olarak abdominal distansiyon, solunum sıkıntısı, kemik ağrısı ve katekolamin salınımı kaynaklı taşikardi ya da hipertansiyon gibi çeşitli klinik bulgularla ortaya çıkar. Histopatolojik olarak, schwannian stroma durumuna ve diferansiyasyon derecesine göre alt tiplere ayrılan bu tümörlerin kesin tanısında biyopsi örnekleri, Homer Wright psödorozetlerinin varlığı ve immünohistokimyasal belirteçler (NSE, sinaptofizin, kromogranin) kritik rol oynar. Genetik açıdan olguların büyük kısmı sporadik olsa da ailesel yatkınlıkta PHOX2B ve ALK mutasyonları etkindir; ayrıca MYCN amplifikasyonu, 1p heterozigozite kaybı ve 11q delesyonu gibi segmental kromozomal sapmalar agresif seyir ve kötü prognozla doğrudan ilişkilidir.

Neuroblastic tumors of the adrenal gland are a group of tumors originating from the sympathoadrenal lineage during neural crest development, representing the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood. Within the International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification (INPC), they are defined in four main categories: neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma intermixed, ganglioneuroblastoma nodular, and ganglioneuroma. Usually diagnosed before the age of five, these masses present with various clinical findings such as abdominal distension, respiratory distress, bone pain, and catecholamine-induced tachycardia or hypertension depending on the localization of the primary tumor or metastases. Histopathologically divided into subtypes based on the schwannian stroma status and differentiation degree, the definitive diagnosis of these tumors relies heavily on biopsy specimens, the presence of Homer Wright pseudorosettes, and immunohistochemical markers including NSE, synaptophysin, and chromogranin. Genetically, most cases develop sporadically, but PHOX2B and ALK mutations are involved in familial predisposition, while segmental chromosomal aberrations such as MYCN amplification, 1p loss of heterozygosity, and 11q deletion are directly associated with aggressive disease and poor prognosis.

Referanslar

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10 Ekim 2022

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