Enkoprezis
Özet
Bu belge, dört yaş ve üzeri çocuklarda görülen enkoprezis (fekal inkontinans) durumunun tanımını, nedenlerini ve tedavi yöntemlerini detaylı bir şekilde ele almaktadır. Enkoprezis, genellikle altta yatan fonksiyonel kabızlık ile ilişkilendirilse de kabızlık belirtisi olmayan "non-retansif" vakalar da mevcuttur. Tanı sürecinde kapsamlı hikaye alımı ve fizik muayene ön planda olup, tedavi süreci hasta eğitimi, beslenme düzenlemesi ve davranışçı terapi tekniklerini içeren multidisipliner bir yaklaşım gerektirmektedir.
This document provides a detailed analysis of encopresis (fecal incontinence) in children aged four and older, covering its definition, causes, and treatment methods. While encopresis is frequently associated with underlying functional constipation, the text also describes "non-retentive" cases where constipation symptoms are absent. Diagnosis primarily relies on a comprehensive medical history and physical examination, while treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach including patient education, dietary adjustments, and behavioral modification techniques.
Referanslar
Sood MR. Functional fecal inkontinance in infants and chıldren: Definition, clinical manifestations, and evaluation. Section Editor Li BU Deputy Editor Hoppin AG. Literature review current through: Dec 2021. Topic last update: Jun 09 2020.
Gürsoy Koca T. Enkoprezis ve Fekal Soiling. Artan R editor. Çocuk Gastroenterolojisinde Hatalar ve Bunları Önleme Yolları. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri;2021.p.37-41.
Loening-Baucke V. Encopresis. Curr Opin Pediatr 2002; 14:570.
Benninga MA, Faure C, Hyman PE, et al. Childhood Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Neonate/Toddler. Gastroenterology 2016.
Hyams JS, Di Lorenzo C, Saps M, et al. Functional Disorders: Children and Adolescents. Gastroenterology 2016.
Tabbers MM, DiLorenzo C, Berger MY, et al. Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 58:258.
Koppen IJN, Saps M, Lavigne JV, et al. Recommendations for pharmacological clinical trials in children with functional constipation: The Rome foundation pediatric subcommittee on clinical trials. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2018 Apr;30(4):e13294.
Papadopoulou A. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in ınfancy and Childhood: Rome ııı Diagnostic Criteria. The 2nd South Easten European Pediatric Gastroenterology meeting, 2011 Bled; Abstract book:3-8.
Rajindrajith S, Devanarayana NM, Benninga MA. Review article: faecal incontinence in children: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation and management. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;37(1): 37-48.
Emily R. Katz, David R. Demaso. ın: Kliegman Rm. editor. Encopresis. nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 20th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Sounders Company; 2016. p. 1807.e1.
Burgers R , Benninga MA. Functional nonretentive fecal incontinence in children: a frustrating and long-lasting clinical entity. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009 Apr;48 Suppl 2:S98-S100.
Van der Wal MF, Benninga MA, Hirasing RA. The prevalence of encopresis in a multicultural population. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005 Mar;40(3):345-8.
Bongers ME, Tabbers MM, Benninga MA. Functional nonretentive fecal incontinence in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 44:5.
Fosby MV, Stensrud KJ , Bjørnland K. Bowel function after transanal endorectal pull-through for Hirschsprung disease - does outcome improve over time? J Pediatr Surg. 2020 Nov;55(11):2375-2378.
Koppen IJ, von Gontard A, Chase J, et al. Management of functional nonretentive fecal incontinence in children: Recommendations from the International Children's Continence Society. J Pediatr Urol 2016; 12:56.
De lorijn F, van Wijk MP, Reitsma JB, et al. Prognosis of constipation: clinical factors and colonic transit time. Arch Dis Child. 2004; 89(8):723-7
Burgers R, De jong TPV, Benninga MA. Rectal examination in children: Digital versus transabdominal ultrasound. J Urol. 2013;190(2):667e72.
Mevers JL, Call NA, GerencserKR, et al. Randomized Clinical Trial of a Multidisciplinary Intervention for Encopresis in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (2020) 50:757–765
Koppen IJN, Gontard AV, Chase J, et al. Management of functional nonretentive fecal incontinence in children: Recommendations from the International Children's Continence Society. J Pediatr Urol. 2016 Feb;12(1):56-64.
Burgers R, Reitsma JB, Bongers ME, et al. Functional nonretentive fecal incontinence: Do enemas help? J Pediatr 2013;162:1023.
Sood MR. Chronic functional constipation anf fecal inkontinance in infants, chıldren and adolescents: Treatment. Section Editor Li BU Deputy Editor Hoppin AG. Literature review current through: Dec 2021. Topic last update: dec 21 2021.
Burgers R, Reitsma JB, Bongers ME, et al. Functional nonretentive fecal incontinence: do enemas help? J Pediatr 2013; 162:1023.
Van Tilburg MA, Squires M, Blois-martin N, et al. Parental knowledge of fecal incontinence in children. j Pediatr Gastroenterol nutr. 2012; 55(3):283-7.
Özdemir FD, İşeri E, Gökçe E. Enkoprezisi olan çocukların tedavisinde davranışçı terapi ve ilaç tedavisinin etkinliklerinin karşılaştırılması. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi. 2005;12(3):121-129.
Up to Date. Patient education: Fecal incontinence in chıldren (The Basics). Written by the doctors and editors at up to date
Baird DC, Bybel M, Kowalski AW. Toilet Training: Common Questions and Answers. Am Fam Physician. 2019 Oct 15;100(8):468-474.
Muddasani S, Moe A, Semmelrock C, et al. Physical therapy for fecal incontinence in children with pelvic floor dyssynergia. J Pediatr. 2017;190:74-8.
