Uyku Bozukluklarının Tarihsel Gelişimi
Özet
Uyku tıbbı ve uyku bozukluklarının tarihsel gelişimini inceleyen bu çalışma, uykunun pasif bir dinlenme hâlinden ziyade aktif bir biyolojik süreç olduğunun keşfedilme serüvenini ele almaktadır. Tarihsel süreçte uyku, antik çağlarda "ölümün kardeşi" gibi mistik anlamlarla tanımlanırken; 17. yüzyıldan itibaren metodolojik çalışmaların odak noktası olmuş, 1928'de EEG'nin keşfiyle beynin uyku sırasındaki aktif yapısı bilimsel olarak kanıtlanmıştır. Modern uyku tıbbı, 1937'de uyku evrelerinin tanımlanması, 1953'te REM uykusunun keşfi ve 1968'de polisomnografi (PSG) standartlarının oluşturulmasıyla ivme kazanmıştır. Çalışma, narkolepsinin altında yatan oreksin sistemi mutasyonlarının keşfi gibi nörobiyolojik ilerlemelere ve Obstrüktif Uyku Apne Sendromu (OSAS) gibi kritik halk sağlığı sorunlarının tanılanmasına vurgu yapmaktadır. Türkiye'de ise İbn Sînâ'nın erken dönem tanımlamalarından başlayarak, 20. yüzyılda İsmet Karacan ve Şevket Akpınar gibi bilim insanlarının katkılarıyla alanın geliştiği belirtilmektedir. Günümüzde uyku bozuklukları, ICSD-3, ICD-10 ve DSM-5 gibi uluslararası sistemlerle standardize edilerek multidisipliner bir yaklaşımla sınıflandırılmaktadır.
The historical development of sleep medicine and sleep disorders is examined in this study, which explores the journey of discovering that sleep is an active biological process rather than a passive state of rest. Throughout history, while sleep was defined with mystical meanings such as "the brother of death" in ancient times, it became the focus of methodological studies starting from the 17th century, and the active structure of the brain during sleep was scientifically proven with the discovery of the EEG in 1928. Modern sleep medicine gained momentum with the definition of sleep stages in 1937, the discovery of REM sleep in 1953, and the establishment of polysomnography (PSG) standards in 1968. The study emphasizes neurobiological advancements, such as the discovery of orexin system mutations underlying narcolepsy, and the diagnosis of critical public health issues like Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS). In Turkey, it is noted that the field developed through the contributions of scientists like İsmet Karacan and Şevket Akpınar in the 20th century, starting from the early definitions of Avicenna. Today, sleep disorders are standardized and classified through a multidisciplinary approach using international systems such as ICSD-3, ICD-10, and DSM-5.
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