Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Rüyalar
Özet
Bu çalışma, çocuk ve ergenlerde rüya deneyimini bilişsel gelişim, nörobiyolojik temeller ve klinik özellikler açısından kapsamlı bir şekilde ele almaktadır. Rüyalar, REM uykusuyla yakından ilişkili görsel ve duyusal yaşantılar olarak tanımlanırken, çocuklarda rüya araştırmalarının 1970'li yıllarda Foulkes’ın çalışmalarıyla ivme kazandığı belirtilmektedir. Bilişsel olgunlaşmaya paralel olarak rüya içerikleri zamanla karmaşıklaşmakta; infantil amnezi nedeniyle rüya hatırlama 3-4 yaşlarında başlarken, yetişkin tipi kompleks rüya bildirimlerine ancak 9 yaş civarında rastlanmaktadır. Araştırmalar, rüya hatırlamanın dil yeteneklerinden ziyade görsel-uzamsal beceriler ve yürütücü işlevlerle yüksek korelasyon gösterdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Duygu düzenleme işleviyle bağlantılı olarak, süreklilik hipotezi uyanıklıktaki yaşantıların uykuda devam ettiğini savunmaktadır. Kâbuslar ise özellikle okul öncesi dönem ile 14 yaş arasında yaygın olup, stresli yaşam olayları, anksiyete ve travma ile ilişkilendirilmektedir. Ergenlik döneminde rüya içerikleri sosyal gelişime uyumlu olarak değişmekte; kız ergenlerde rahatsız edici rüyaların daha sık görüldüğü saptanmaktadır. Sonuç olarak rüyalar, çocuklarda bilişsel olgunlaşmanın ve duygusal işlemleme süreçlerinin önemli bir yansıması olarak değerlendirilmektedir.
This study comprehensively examines the dream experience in children and adolescents in terms of cognitive development, neurobiological foundations, and clinical characteristics. While dreams are defined as visual and sensory experiences closely related to REM sleep, it is noted that dream research in children gained momentum in the 1970s with the work of Foulkes. Parallel to cognitive maturation, dream content becomes more complex over time; due to infantile amnesia, dream recall begins at ages 3-4, while adult-like complex dream reports are only encountered around age 9. Research reveals that dream recall shows a high correlation with visuospatial skills and executive functions rather than language abilities. In connection with emotional regulation, the continuity hypothesis argues that waking experiences continue during sleep. Nightmares are common especially between the preschool period and age 14, being associated with stressful life events, anxiety, and trauma. During adolescence, dream content changes in harmony with social development, and it is found that disturbing dreams are more frequent in female adolescents. Consequently, dreams are evaluated as an important reflection of cognitive maturation and emotional processing in children.
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