Yeniden Suç İşleme (Residivizm): Ruhsal ve Adli Yönü
Özet
Bu kitap bölümü, bir kişinin mahkûm olduktan sonra yeniden suç işlemesi olarak tanımlanan residivizm (suç tekerrürü) kavramını ruhsal ve adli boyutlarıyla ele almaktadır. Son yıllarda genel suç oranları azalırken yeniden suç işleme oranlarının %50'ye varan artışlar gösterdiği ve salıverilen hükümlülerin büyük kısmının birkaç yıl içinde tekrar tutuklandığı belirtilmektedir. Residivizmi etkileyen faktörler; yaş, cinsiyet, anti-sosyal geçmiş, madde kullanımı gibi statik ve dinamik risk etmenleri olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. Hükümlülerin suçu destekleyici bilişsel tutumları terapilerle değiştirilebilen dinamik faktörler arasındayken, çocukluktaki olumsuz aile bağları veya istismar öyküleri değiştirilemez statik faktörleri oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada; çocuk, ergen ve yetişkinlerdeki tekerrür riskleri incelenmiş; sosyal yardımların, iş olanaklarının ve denetimli serbestlik gibi toplum merkezli yaptırımların suç tekrarını azaltmada kritik öneme sahip olduğu vurgulanmıştır. Türk Ceza Kanunu'nun 58. maddesindeki tekerrür hükümlerine de değinilerek, belirli cezai sürelerin ardından ve 18 yaş altındaki çocuklarda bu hükümlerin uygulanmadığı ifade edilmektedir. Sonuç olarak, adli psikiyatri ile toplum ruh sağlığı hizmetlerinin iş birliği içinde bireye özgü müdahaleler geliştirmesinin hem residivizmi hem de genel suç oranlarını düşüreceği savunulmaktadır.
This book chapter addresses the concept of recidivism, defined as an individual reoffending after being convicted, through its psychological and legal dimensions. While general crime rates have decreased recently, recidivism rates have risen by up to 50%, with most released convicts rearrested within a few years. Factors influencing recidivism are classified into static and dynamic risk factors, including age, gender, antisocial history, and substance abuse. Procriminal cognitive attitudes are among the changeable dynamic factors via therapy, whereas negative childhood attachments or abuse histories constitute unchangeable static factors. The study examines recurrence risks in children, adolescents, and adults, emphasizing that social support, employment opportunities, and community-based sanctions like probation are highly critical in reducing reoffending. Referring to the recidivism provisions in Article 58 of the Turkish Penal Code, it notes that these provisions do not apply after certain penal periods and to juvenile offenders under 18. Consequently, it argues that cooperation between forensic psychiatry and community mental health services to develop individualized psychosocial interventions will significantly decrease both recidivism and general crime rates.
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