Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Davranışsal Bağımlılıklar
Özet
Davranışsal bağımlılıklar, olumsuz sonuçlarına rağmen riskli davranışların kontrolsüzce sürdürülmesiyle karakterize olup, çocukluk ve ergenlik dönemlerinde prefrontal korteksin henüz tam olgunlaşmaması nedeniyle bu yaş gruplarında daha büyük bir risk teşkil etmektedir. Özellikle internet ve dijital oyun bağımlılığı, günümüzde ergenlerin akademik, sosyal ve ailevi işlevselliklerini ciddi şekilde sekteye uğratan yaygın teknolojik bağımlılık türleri olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Araştırmalar, bu bağımlılıkların erkeklerde kızlara oranla daha sık görüldüğünü ve vakaların çok büyük bir kısmına dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu (DEHB), sosyal anksiyete, depresyon ve obsesif kompulsif bozukluk (OKB) gibi psikiyatrik komorbiditelerin eşlik ettiğini göstermektedir. Tanı ve değerlendirme süreçlerinde aile görüşmeleri ve tarama ölçekleri kritik bir rol oynarken, koruyucu önlemlerin özellikle 12 yaş öncesinde alınması, ebeveyn denetimi ve teknolojik aletlerin ortak alanlarda kullanımı önerilmektedir. Tedavi yaklaşımlarında ise internet kullanımını tamamen yasaklamak yerine işlevsel kullanımı hedefleyen bilişsel davranışçı terapiler (BDT), zaman yönetimi becerilerini geliştirme ve çok boyutlu aile müdahaleleri en etkili yöntemler olarak kabul edilmekte; farmakolojik tedaviler ise genellikle eşlik eden psikiyatrik bozuklukları kontrol altına almak amacıyla multimodal bir yaklaşımla sisteme dahil edilmektedir.
Behavioral addictions are characterized by the uncontrolled continuation of risky behaviors despite negative consequences, and they pose a greater risk in childhood and adolescence because the prefrontal cortex is not yet fully matured. Especially internet and digital gaming addictions stand out as widespread technological addiction types that seriously disrupt the academic, social, and familial functionality of adolescents today. Research indicates that these addictions are more common in males than females, and a vast majority of cases are accompanied by psychiatric comorbidities such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), social anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). While family interviews and screening scales play a critical role in the diagnosis and evaluation processes, taking protective measures especially before the age of 12, parental supervision, and using technological devices in common areas are recommended. In treatment approaches, instead of completely banning internet use, cognitive behavioral therapies (CBT) aiming for functional use, improving time management skills, and multidimensional family interventions are considered the most effective methods; pharmacological treatments are integrated into the system with a multimodal approach, generally to control accompanying psychiatric disorders.
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