İş Bağımlılığı
Özet
İş bağımlılığı üzerine yapılan bilimsel araştırmalar özellikle 2000'li yıllardan sonra büyük bir artış göstermiştir. "İşkoliklik" genel olarak işe yüksek katılımı ve fazla çalışmanın olumlu yönlerini içeren geniş bir terimken; "iş bağımlılığı" uyumsuz kalıpları ve aşırı çalışmanın olumsuz sonuçlarını vurgulayan davranışsal bir bağımlılık olarak kavramsallaştırılmaktadır. Diğer davranışsal bağımlılıklarla benzer şekilde belirginlik, ruh hali değişikliği, tolerans, yoksunluk, çatışma ve nüksetme olmak üzere altı temel bileşene sahiptir. İş bağımlılığı; yüksek iş-aile çatışması, zayıf sosyal ilişkiler, yüksek stres, düşük benlik saygısı, uyku sorunları, anksiyete, depresyon ve düşük iş performansı gibi birçok olumsuz fiziksel ve psikolojik sonuca yol açar. Norveç ve Macaristan gibi ülkelerde yaygınlığı ölçülmüş olsa da Türkiye'de henüz bir yaygınlık çalışması bulunmamaktadır. Kişilik özelliklerinden mükemmeliyetçilik, performansa dayalı benlik saygısı ve olumsuz duygulanım iş bağımlılığı risk faktörleri arasında en güçlü ilişkiye sahiptir. Ayrıca, gençlik döneminde görülen çalışma bağımlılığının, iş bağımlılığının bir öncülü olabileceği savunulmaktadır. Bu durumun önlenmesi ve tedavisinde; iş-hayat dengesini gözeten birincil koruma, erken teşhis ve duygusal zekayı geliştirmeyi amaçlayan ikincil önleme ile rehabilitasyon odaklı üçüncül önleme basamaklarından oluşan üçlü bir metot önerilmektedir.
Scientific research on work addiction has significantly increased, especially after the 2000s. While "workaholism" is a general term referring to high work involvement and incorporating positive aspects of overworking, "work addiction" is conceptualized as a behavioral addiction emphasizing maladaptive patterns and negative consequences of excessive work. Similar to other behavioral addictions, it has six core components: salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, conflict, and relapse. Work addiction leads to many negative physical and psychological consequences, such as high work-family conflict, poor social relationships, high perceived stress, low self-esteem, sleep problems, anxiety, depression, and low job performance. Although its prevalence has been measured in countries like Norway and Hungary, no prevalence study has been conducted in Turkey yet. Among personality traits, perfectionism, performance-based self-esteem, and negative affectivity have the strongest relationships as personality risk factors for work addiction. Furthermore, it is argued that study addiction observed during youth could be a precursor to work addiction. For prevention and treatment, a three-stage method is proposed: primary prevention focusing on work-life balance, secondary prevention aiming for early detection and emotional intelligence development, and tertiary prevention focusing on rehabilitation.
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