Bitkisel ve Hayvansal Atıklardan Biyohidrojen Üretimi
Özet
Bu derleme çalışması, artan küresel enerji talebi, iklim değişikliği ve azalan fosil yakıtlar karşısında temiz ve sürdürülebilir bir alternatif olan biyohidrojen üretim teknolojilerini ve hammadde olarak bitkisel ile hayvansal atıkların kullanımını incelemektedir. Hidrojen, 142.9 kJ/g yüksek enerji içeriği, benzinden yaklaşık 2.8 kat ve kok kömüründen 4.5 kat yüksek yanma ısısı ve yanma ürünü olarak sadece su üretmesi nedeniyle en temiz enerji kaynaklarından biridir. Biyolojik hidrojen üretimi; kimyasal yöntemlere göre daha ekonomik, düşük enerji maliyetli ve çevre dostu olup doğrudan biyofotoliz, dolaylı biyofotoliz, foto-fermentasyon ve karanlık fermentasyon teknikleriyle gerçekleştirilmektedir. Tarımsal atıklar (mısır samanı, buğday sapı, çeltik sapı vb.) selüloz, hemiselüloz ve lignin içeren karmaşık lignoselülozik yapıları nedeniyle fermentasyon öncesinde fiziksel, kimyasal veya biyolojik ön işlemlere ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Bu ön işlemler, ligninin koruyucu tabakasını bozarak selüloz ve hemiselülozun mikroorganizmalarca şekerlere dönüştürülmesini ve biyohidrojen veriminin artmasını sağlar. Zengin besin içeriğine sahip hayvansal gübreler ise hem yardımcı substrat hem de hidrojen üreten bakteriler için kaynak işlevi görerek üretimi desteklemektedir. Biyohidrojen üretimi; pH, sıcaklık, karbon kaynağı, hidrojen kısmi basıncı ve uçucu yağ asitleri gibi temel parametrelerden doğrudan etkilenmektedir. Tarımsal ve hayvansal atıkların bu yöntemlerle değerlendirilmesi, enerji tasarrufu sağlarken çevre kirliliğini azaltmakta ve katma değeri yüksek ürünler elde edilmesine imkân tanımaktadır.
This review study examines biohydrogen production technologies as a clean and sustainable alternative in the face of increasing global energy demand, climate change, and depleting fossil fuels, along with the utilization of agricultural and animal wastes as raw materials. Hydrogen is considered one of the cleanest energy sources due to its high energy content of 142.9 kJ/g—approximately 2.8 times higher than gasoline and 4.5 times higher than coke coal in heat of combustion—and the fact that its only combustion product is water. Biological hydrogen production is more economical, lower in energy cost, and more environmentally friendly compared to chemical methods, and it is carried out using direct biophotolysis, indirect biophotolysis, photo-fermentation, and dark fermentation techniques. Agricultural wastes (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and rice straw) require physical, chemical, or biological pretreatments prior to fermentation due to their complex lignocellulosic structures containing cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. These pretreatments disrupt the protective lignin layer, enabling the conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose into sugars by microorganisms and enhancing biohydrogen yield. Meanwhile, nutrient-rich animal manures support production by acting both as a co-substrate and as a source for hydrogen-producing bacteria. Biohydrogen production is directly influenced by key parameters such as pH, temperature, carbon source, hydrogen partial pressure, and volatile fatty acids. Utilizing agricultural and animal wastes through these methods provides energy savings, reduces environmental pollution, and enables the production of high value-added products.
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