Afet ve Acil Durumlar ile Gıda Güvencesi ve Gıda Güvenliği İlişkisi
Özet
Afetler ve acil durumlar; tarımsal üretimi, gıda mevcudiyetini ve gıdaya erişimi bozarak gıda güvencesi ile gıda güvenliğini ciddi şekilde tehdit etmektedir. Yaşanan krizler neticesinde ortaya çıkan gıda güvencesizliği ve kirlenmiş gıda kaynakları, özellikle hassas gruplarda akut yetersiz beslenme ve salgın hastalık risklerini artırarak toplum sağlığını tehlikeye atmaktadır. Bu süreçte sürdürülebilir gıda sistemlerinin korunması, etkili kalite kontrol mekanizmalarının işletilmesi ve toplumun hijyen standartları konusunda eğitilmesi, hayati risklerin minimize edilmesi açısından kritik bir önem taşımaktadır.
Disasters and emergencies pose a significant threat to food security and safety by disrupting agricultural production, food availability, and access. Food insecurity and contaminated food sources resulting from these crises increase the risks of acute malnutrition and epidemics, endangering public health, especially among vulnerable groups. Protecting sustainable food systems, implementing effective quality control mechanisms, and educating the community on hygiene standards are critical for minimizing life-threatening risks during such periods.
Referanslar
Watson JT, Gayer M, Connolly MA. Epidemics after natural disasters. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(1): 1–5. doi: 10.3201/eid1301.060779
Knorr W, Dentener F, Lamarque JF, et al. Wildfire air pollution hazard during the 21st century. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2017;17(14): 9223–9236. doi: 10.5194/acp-17-9223-2017
Wu L, Taylor MP, Handley HK. Remobilisation of industrial lead depositions in ash during Australian wildfires. Science of the Total Environment. 2017;599–600: 1233–1240. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.044
Andrade L, O’Dwyer J, O’Neill E, et al. Surface water flooding, groundwater contamination, and enteric disease in developed countries: A scoping review of connections and consequences. Environmental Pollution. 2018;236, 540–549. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.104
Shields DA. Federal crop insurance: Background. US: Congressional Research Digital Collection: United States Congressional Research Service; 2015.
EPA. Agriculture and natural events and disasters 2018. (12/09/2022 tarihinde https://www.epa.gov/agriculture/agriculture-and-natural-events-and-disasters#:~:text=Every%20year%20natural%20disasters%2C%20such,by%20natural%20events%20and%20disasters adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
MacLachlan M, Ramos S, Hungerford A, et al. Federal natural disaster assistance programs for livestock producers, 2008-2016. Economic Research Service: United States Department of Agriculture; 2018.
FAO. The ımpact of disasters on agriculture and food security. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2015.
Otte MJ, Nugent R, McLeod A. Trans-boundary animal diseases: Assessment of socio-economic impacts and institutional responses. Livestock policy discussion, Paper no. 9. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2004.
Garcia SN, Osburn BI, Jay-Russell MT. One health for food safety, food security, and sustainable food production. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. 2020;4: 1. doi: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.00001
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, et al. The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2018. Building climate resilience for food security and nutrition. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2018.
Erkmen O. Gıda kaynaklı tehlikeler ve güvenli gıda üretimi. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi. 2010;53(3): 220–235.
Artık N, Şanlıer N, Ceyhun-Sezgin A. Gıda güvenliği ve gıda mevzuatı (2. Baskı). Ankara: Detay Akademik Yayıncılık; 2019.
Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı. Ulusal gıda ve beslenme stratejisi çalışma grubu raporu 2001. (12/09/2022 tarihinde https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Ulusal_Gida_ve_Beslenme_Stratejisi_Calisma_Grubu_Raporu_-1.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
FAO. Food security. Policy brief (Issue 2). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2006.
Güder G. Avrupa Birliği gıda güvenliği politikası ve üyelik sürecinde Türkiye’ye yansımaları. Ankara: Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, Avrupa Birliği İle İlişkiler Genel Müdürlüğü; 2006.
Cook B. Food security implications for the early years 2006. (11/11/2022 tarihinde http://www.toronto.ca/health/children/pdf/fsbp_final.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
UN. Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development 2015. (15.04.2022 tarihinde https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Helland J, Sörbö GM. Food security and social conflict. Bergen: Christian Michelsen Institute; 2014.
Arezki MR, Bruckner M. International monetary fund (e-book) 2011. (15.06.2022 tarihinde https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/31/Food-Prices-and-Political-Instability-24716 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Vågsholm I, Arzoomand NS, Boqvist S. Food security, safety, and sustainability-getting the trade-offs right. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. 2020;4: 16. doi: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.00016
Boqvist S, Söderqvist K, Vågsholm I. Food safety challenges and one health within Europe. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 2018;60(1): 1–13. doi: 10.1186/s13028-017-0355-3.
Collins M, Knutti R, Arblaster J, et al. Long-term climate change: projections, commitments and irreversibility. In Climate change 2013-The physical science basis: Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. 2013;1029–1136.
Kirtman B, Power SB, Adedoyin AJ, et al. Near-term climate change: projections and predictability. In Climate change 2013-The Physical science basis: Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge: University Press; 2013. p. 953-1028.
Whitmee S, Haines A, Beyrer C, et al. Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on planetary health. The Lancet. 2015;386(10007): 1973–2028.
Springmann M, Mason-D’Croz D, Robinson S, et al. Global and regional health effects of future food production under climate change: A modelling study. The Lancet. 2016;387(10031): 1937–1946. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01156-3
Myers SS, Zanobetti A, Kloog I, et al. Increasing CO2 threatens human nutrition. Nature. 2014;510(7503): 139–142. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13179
Scheelbeek PF, Tuomisto HL, Bird FA, et al. Effect of environmental change on yield and quality of fruits and vegetables: Two systematic reviews and projections of possible health effects. The Lancet Global Health. 2017;5: 21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30128-6
IFRC. Food Safety. In: Burnham GM, Rand EC (eds.) The Johns Hopkins and Red Cross and Red Crescent Public health guide in emergencies. 2nd ed. Geneva: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies; 2008. p. 409-411.
World Food Programme. Decisions and recommendations of the annual session of the executive board 2004. (28.09.2022 tarihinde https://executiveboard.wfp.org/document_download/WFP-0000029840 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
IASC. Working Paper on the Definition of Complex Emergencies 1994. (13/07/2022 tarihinde https://interagencystandingcommittee.org/system/files/legacy_files/WG16_4.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
FAO. The state of food insecurity in the world. Addressing Food Insecurity in Protracted Crises. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2010a.
FAO. Pakistan floods. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2010b.
Anonim. South Asian floods 2022a. (06/06/2022 tarihinde https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_South_Asian_floods adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Anonim. Pakistan floods 2022b. (06/06/2022 tarihinde https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Pakistan_floods adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Anonim. Afghanistan floods 2022c. (06/06/2022 tarihinde https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Afghanistan_floods adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Anonim. Avustralya’da sel felaketi nedeniyle on binlerce kişiye tahliye emri verildi 2022d. (06/06/2022 tarihinde https://tr.euronews.com/2022/07/04/avustralyada-sel-felaketi-nedeniyle-on-binlerce-kisiye-tahliye-emri-verildi adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Anonim. Avustralya’da doğal yaşam büyük bir tahribatla karşı karşıya 2022e. (06/06/2022 tarihinde https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/c0kqw9zw1leo adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
UNICEF. Situation tracking for COVID-19 socio-economic impacts. NY: UNICEF; 2020.
Talukder B, Hipel KW, Orbinski J. COVID-19’s implications on agri-food systems and human health in Bangladesh. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability. 2021;3: 100033.
Niles MT, Bertmann F, Belarmino EH, et al. The early food insecurity impacts of COVID-19. Nutrients. 2020;12(7): 2096. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12072096
The Sphere Handbook. Sphere Project 2011. (12.05.2022 tarihinde https://handbook.spherestandards.org/en/sphere/#ch004 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Meade BGS, Rosen SL. Measuring access to food in developing countries: The case of Latin America. In: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association (AAEA) Conferences, 28-31 July 2002, California, USA, (pp. 1-18).
Barrett CB. Measuring food insecurity. Science. 2010;327(5967): 825–828.
Migotto M, Davis B, Carletto C, et al. Measuring food security using respondents’ perception of food consumption adequacy. In: Guha-Khasnobis B, Archaya SS, Davis B (Eds.), Food security: Indicators, measurement, and the impact of trade openness. Finland: UNU-WIDER and ICSSR; 2007. p. 13-41.
Webb P, Coates J, Frongillo EA, et al. Measuring household food insecurity: Why it’s so important and yet so difficult to do. The Journal of Nutrition. 2006;136(5): 1404–1408.
Fung F, Wang HS, Menon S. Food safety in the 21st century. Biomedical Journal. 2018;41(2), 88–95.
FAO. Assuring food safety and quality. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2003.
Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı. Gıda Güvenliği ve Kalitesinin Denetimi ve Kontrolüne Dair Yönetmelik 2008. (10.04.2022 tarihinde https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2008/09/20080926-4.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
TGDF. Çiftlikten çatala gıda güvenliği. Ankara: Türk Gıda ve İçecek Sanayi Dernekleri Federasyonu Yayınları; 2011.
Artık N, Şanlıer N, Ceyhun Sezgin A. Gıda güvenliği kavramı, AB ülkeleri ve Türkiye’de gıda güvenliğinin genel durumu. Artık N, Şanlıer N, Ceyhun Sezgin A (ed.), Gıda güvenliği ve gıda mevzuatı içinde. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık; 2017. p. 229-275.
Artık N, Poyrazoğlu ES, Konar N. Her Yönüyle Gıda. Durlu Özkaya F, Coşansu Akdemir S, Ayhan K (ed.) Türk gıda mevzuatı ve gıda denetimi içinde. İzmir: Sidas Medya Ltd. Şti.; 2013. p. 313-324.
Tayar M. Güvenli gıda gereksinimi 2014. (12.05.2022 tarihinde http://www.dunyagida.com.tr/haber.php?nid=3767 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Özbek FŞ, Fidan H. Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği’nde gıda standartları. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences. 2010; 24(1): 92–100.
İlbeği İ. Gıda güvenliği ve tüketicinin korunması. Gıda Mühendisliği Dergisi. 2004;18: 13–16.
Yaman M, Çakır E. Dijitalleşen dünyada akıllı afet ve acil durum uygulamaları. Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches. 2018;7(2): 1124–1138.
NH Division of Public Health Services. Emergency action plans for retail food establishments. Concord: New Hampshire Department of Human & Health Services; 2007.
Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development. Emergency action plans for retail food establishments 2012. (10.06.2022 tarihinde http://www.michigan.gov/documents/MDA_EmergencyActionPlan_109428_7.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
US Department of Agriculture. Emergency readiness plan: A guide for the school food service operation 2003. (14.04.2022 tarihinde https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/occ/emergency_readiness_plan_a_guide_for_the_school_foodservice_operation.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services. Emergency action planning guidance for retail food establishments 2009. (12.05.2022 tarihinde http://www.nj.gov/health/foodanddrugsafety/documents/emergency_actionplans.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
UNHCR. Commodity distribution: A practical guide for field staff. Geneva: The UN Refugee Agency; 1997.
WHO. Ensuring food safety in the aftermath of natural disasters 2005. (13.04.2022 tarihinde https://www.ennonline.net/attachments/629/5-keys-to-safer-food-manual-keys-who(1).pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP, et al. Food and nutrition needs in emergencies. Geneva: WHO Copyright; 2002.
Bilici S. Toplu beslenme sistemleri çalışanları için hijyen el kitabı. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu, Obezite Diyabet ve Metabolik Hastalıklar Dairesi Başkanlığı. 2012; Ankara.
Sökmen A. Ağırlama endüstrisinde yiyecek ve içecek yönetimi (1. Baskı). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık; 2003.
Bilici S. Toplu beslenme hizmetleri çalışanları için hijyen el kitabı. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Temel Sağlık Hizmetleri Müdürlüğü. 2008; Ankara.
Atasever M. Besin işyerlerinde: Hijyen, besinlerin hazırlanması ve muhafazası. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 2000;11(2): 117–122.
MAFF. The damages caused by the Great East Japan earthquake and actions taken by ministry of agriculture, forestry and fisheries 2011. (10.05.2022 tarihinde https://www.maff.go.jp/e/data/publish/attach/pdf/index-34.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Frid MJ. Food safety in Japan: one year after the nuclear disaster. Asia-Pacfic Journal: Japan Focus. 2012;10(12): 1931–1945.
Food Safety Citizens Watch, Consumers Union of Japan. Food contaminated by radioactive substances 2011. (14/08/2022 tarihinde http://www.nishoren.org/en/?p=1019 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Nakamura T, Koizumi T, Shimbun Y. New radiation limits alarm local entities December 25, 2011.
Mikulsen M, Diduck AP. Towards an integrated approach to disaster management and food safety governance. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2016;15: 116–124.
Tirado MC, Clarke R, Jaykus LA, et al. Climate change and food safety: A review. Food Research International. 2010;43(7): 1745–1765.
FAO. Food safety and climate change. FAO high level conference on food security and the challenges of climate change and bioenergy. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2008.
Griffith C. Food safety in catering establishments. In: Farber JM, Todd EC (eds.) Safe handling of foods. USA: CRC Press; 2000. p. 235–256.
Griffith CJ, Livesey KM, Clayton DA. Food safety culture: the evolution of an emerging risk factor?. British Food Journal. 2010;112(4): 426–438.
Griffith CJ. Food safety culture an international hot topic. In: the Food Safety Seminar. 1 September 2008, Johannesburg, South Africa: Von Holy Consulting; 2008.
Food Standards Agency. Impact assessment of the revised salt reduction targets. London: FSA; 2009.
Little CL, Gormley FJ, Rawal N, et al. A recipe for disaster: outbreaks of campylobacteriosis associated with poultry liver pâté in England and Wales. Epidemiology & Infection. 2010;138(12): 1691–1694.
Chan EYY, Lam HCY, Lo ESK, et al. Food-related health emergency-disaster risk reduction in rural ethnic minority communities: A pilot study of knowledge, awareness and practice of food labelling and salt-intake reduction in a Kunge community in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019;16(9): 1478.
Golem DL, Byrd-Bredbenner C. Emergency food supplies in food secure households. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 2015;30(4): 359–364.
Nozue M, Ishikawa-Takata K, Sarukura N, et al. Stockpiles and food availability in feeding facilities after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2014;23(2): 321–330.
Nakazawa T, Beppu S. Shifting from emergency food to disaster preparation food to help disaster survivors. Science and Technology Trends Quartely Review. 2012;44: 36–52.
Burke RL. (A328) Food and Water Risk Assessments during Disaster Operations. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 2011;26(S1): 92–92.
Anding J. Identifying and handling spoiled/unsafe food and drinks after a disaster 2005. (20.11.2022 tarihinde https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/87374/pdf_2227.pdf?sequence=1 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Perdana T, Onggo BS, Sadeli AH, et al. Food supply chain management in disaster events: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2022;103183.
Manzini R, Accorsi R. The new conceptual framework for food supply chain assessment. Journal of Food Engineering. 2013;115(2): 251–263.
Gupta RK. Food safety during disasters. In: Dudeja P, Gupta RK, Minhas AS (eds.) Food Safety in the 21st Century. Cambridge: Academic Press; 2017. p. 427–434.
