Geçiş Döneminde İmmun Fonksiyonların Değişimi ve Oksidatif Stres
Özet
İneklerde doğumun öncesi ve sonrasındaki üç haftalık süreci kapsayan geçiş dönemi, hormonal, fizyolojik ve metabolik değişimlerin yoğun yaşandığı ve bağışıklık fonksiyonlarının zayıflayabildiği kritik bir zaman dilimidir. Bu süreçte, patojenlere karşı ilk savunma hattını oluşturan polimorfnüklear lökositlerin fagositoz, respiratörik yakma ve bakterisidal faaliyetleri, organizmanın enerji durumu ve mineral dengesiyle doğrudan ilişkilidir. Özellikle erken laktasyondaki yetersiz besin tüketimi negatif enerji dengesine (NED) yol açarak esterleşmemiş yağ asitleri (NEFA) ve keton cisimciklerinin artışına, subklinik veya klinik hipokalsemiye ve glikoz eksikliğine neden olur. Bu metabolik düzensizlikler, bağışıklık hücrelerinin enerji kaynaklarını tüketerek oksidatif yakma kapasitelerini düşürür ve enfeksiyonlara duyarlılığı artırır. Ayrıca, artan hücresel aktiviteye bağlı olarak üretilen reaktif oksijen türleri (ROS) antioksidan mekanizmalarla dengelenemediğinde oksidatif stres şekillenir; bu durum lipolizi şiddetlendirerek meme ve uterus enfeksiyonları riskini yükseltir. Sonuç olarak, geçiş dönemindeki immün fonksiyon kayıplarını ve oksidatif hasarı önlemek için negatif enerji dengesinin ciddiyeti azaltılmalı, ineklere kritik kontrol noktalarında vitamin ve iz element desteği sağlanmalıdır.
The transition period in cows, encompassing the three weeks before and after calving, is a critical timeframe characterized by intense hormonal, physiological, and metabolic changes where immune system functions can weaken. During this process, the phagocytosis, respiratory burst, and bactericidal activities of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which constitute the first line of defense against pathogens, are directly related to the energy status and mineral balance of the organism. In particular, insufficient nutrient intake during early lactation leads to a negative energy balance (NEB), causing an increase in non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and ketone bodies, subclinical or clinical hypocalcemia, and glucose deficiency. These metabolic disorders impair the function of immune cells by depleting their energy sources, thereby reducing their oxidative burst capacity and increasing susceptibility to infections. Furthermore, when reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced due to increased cellular activity cannot be adequately balanced by antioxidant mechanisms, oxidative stress occurs; this situation exacerbates lipolysis and elevates the risk of mammary and uterine infections. Consequently, to prevent immune function losses and oxidative damage during the transition period, the severity of the negative energy balance must be mitigated, and cows should be provided with vitamin and trace element supplementation at critical control points.
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