Mastitisler ve Sürü Bazında Meme Sağlığı Yönetimi
Özet
Mastitis, süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinde meme bezinin yangısı ile karakterize, süt verimini düşüren ve somatik hücre sayısını artırarak küresel düzeyde yıllık 35 milyar dolar gibi devasa ekonomik kayıplara yol açan en yaygın hastalıktır. Klinik formunda meme dokusunda şişme ve anormal süt görünümü gibi belirgin semptomlar izlenirken, klinik formundan 40-50 kat daha sık görülen subklinik formda hiçbir dış belirti olmaksızın sürü içinde gizlice yayılım şekillenmektedir. Hastalığa yol açan 140'tan fazla mikroorganizma, bulaşıcı (S. aureus, S. agalactiae, Mycoplasma spp.) ve çevresel (E. coli, Klebsiella, çevresel streptokoklar) patojenler olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. Bulaşıcı etkenler sağım esnasında inekten ineğe geçerken, çevresel etkenler ise nemli ve kirli altlıklar gibi durak koşullarından meme başına bulaşmaktadır. Mastitis yönetimi ve kontrolü; sağım hijyeninin ("Ön süt muayenesi, Daldır, Kurut ve Sağım") titizlikle uygulanmasını, sağım makinelerinin rutin bakımını, somatik hücre sayısının aylık takibini, J5 aşılamalarını, besleme optimizasyonunu, konforlu kuru dönem yönetimini ve tedaviye dirençli kronik enfekte hayvanların sürüden hızla çıkarılmasını içeren çok yönlü bir entegre sürü sağlığı protokolünü zorunlu kılmaktadır.
Mastitis is the most common disease in dairy farm enterprises, characterized by inflammation of the mammary gland, which decreases milk yield, increases somatic cell count, and leads to massive global economic losses of approximately 35 billion dollars annually. While visible symptoms such as udder swelling and abnormal milk appearance are observed in its clinical form, the subclinical form occurs 40 to 50 times more frequently than the clinical form and spreads secretly within the herd without any external signs. More than 140 microorganisms causing the disease are classified as contagious (S. aureus, S. agalactiae, Mycoplasma spp.) and environmental (E. coli, Klebsiella, environmental streptococci) pathogens. Contagious agents are transmitted from cow to cow during milking, whereas environmental agents contaminate the teat end from stall conditions such as damp and dirty bedding. Mastitis management and control mandates a multifaceted integrated herd health protocol including the meticulous implementation of milking hygiene ("foremilk examination, dip, dry, and milk"), routine maintenance of milking machines, monthly monitoring of somatic cell counts, J5 vaccinations, nutritional optimization, comfortable dry period management, and the rapid culling of treatment-resistant chronically infected animals from the herd.
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