Ovaryum Kistleri
Özet
Kistik ovaryum folikülleri, modern süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinde doğum ile gebe kalma aralığının uzaması, gebelik başına düşen tohumlama sayısının artması, zorunlu kesim oranları ve tedavi maliyetleri nedeniyle ciddi ekonomik kayıplara yol açan önemli bir fertilite sorunudur. Bu anovulatör yapılar, hipotalamus-hipofiz-ovaryum aksındaki nöroendokrin imbalans ve fonksiyon bozuklukları sonucu dominant folikülün ovule olamamasıyla şekillenir ve steroid üretimine bağlı olarak foliküler ve luteal kist şeklinde sınıflandırılır. Yüksek süt verimi, erken laktasyon dönemi, negatif enerji dengesi, kalıtım, yaş, besleme ve uterus enfeksiyonları kist oluşumunda başlıca risk faktörlerini oluşturmaktadır. Teşhisinde transrektal palpasyonun yanı sıra doğruluğu artırmak adına transrektal ultrasonografi ve progesteron seviyelerinin ölçümünden yararlanılır. Tedavi yaklaşımlarında, özellikle erken postpartum dönemde %60-65 oranında görülebilen spontan iyileşme durumu göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Fiziksel bir yöntem olan manuel laserasyon günümüzde hasar riskleri nedeniyle önerilmezken, transvajinal ultrason eşliğinde kist sıvısı aspirasyonu güvenli bir alternatif sunmaktadır. Hormonal sağaltımda ise kist tipine göre GnRH ve hCG gibi gonadotropinler, kistik yapının gerilemesini sağlayan progesteron salan intravajinal araçlar veya luteal kistlerin ortadan kaldırılmasında PGF2α enjeksiyonları tek başına ya da Ovsynch gibi sabit zamanlı tohumlama protokolleriyle kombine edilerek başarıyla uygulanmaktadır.
Cystic ovarian follicles are a major fertility problem in modern dairy enterprises, leading to significant economic losses due to prolonged intervals from calving to conception, increased services per pregnancy, higher involuntary culling rates, and treatment expenses. These anovulatory structures are formed as a result of neuroendocrine imbalance and dysfunction in the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis, which prevents the dominant follicle from ovulating, and they are classified as follicular or luteal cysts based on steroid production. High milk yield, early lactation period, negative energy balance, genetics, age, nutrition, and uterine infections constitute the primary risk factors for cyst formation. For diagnosis, transrectal ultrasonography and measurement of progesterone levels are utilized alongside transrectal palpation to increase accuracy. In treatment approaches, the spontaneous recovery rate of 60-65%, which can occur especially in the early postpartum period, should be considered. While manual rupture, a physical method, is never recommended today due to trauma risks, transvaginal ultrasound-guided cyst fluid aspiration offers a safe alternative. In hormonal therapy, depending on the cyst type, gonadotropins such as GnRH and hCG, progesterone-releasing intravaginal devices that induce regression of the cystic structure, or PGF2α injections to eliminate luteal cysts are successfully applied either alone or combined with fixed-time insemination protocols like Ovsynch.
Referanslar
Silvia WJ, Hatler TB, Nugent AM, et al. Ovarian follicular cysts in dairy cows: an abnormality in folliculogenesis. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2002;23(1-2):167-77.
Hooijer GA, Lubbers RB, Ducro BJ, et al. Genetic parameters for cystic ovarian disease in dutch black and white dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 2001;84(1):286-91.
Brito L, Palmer C. Cystic ovarian disease in cattle. Large Animal Veterinary Rounds. 2004;4(10):1-4.
Smith JD. Cystic Ovarian Follicles. In: Hopper RM, editor. Bovine Reproduction. 2 ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell; 2021. p. 399-407.
Fındık M, Ay SS. İneklerde ovaryumun işlevsel bozuklukları. Turkiye Klinikleri J Vet Sci. 2011;2:66-73.
Vanholder T, Opsomer G, de Kruif A. Aetiology and pathogenesis of cystic ovarian follicles in dairy cattle: a review. Reprod Nutr Dev. 2006;46(2):105-19.
Roberts SJ. Veterinary Obstetrics and Genital Diseases (theriogenology): The Author; 1986.
Parkinson TJ. Infertility in the Cow Due to Functional and Management Deficiencies. In: Noakes DE, Parkinson TJ, England GCW, editors. Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics: Elsevier; 2019. p. 361-407.
Mimoune N, Kaidi R, Azzouz MY, et al. Investigation on diagnosis and metabolic profile of ovarian cysts in dairy cows. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 2017;23(4):579-86.
Garverick H. Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology. St Louis, MO: Saunders-Elsevier; 2007.
Baştan A. İneklerde Kuru, Geçiş ve Postpartum Dönem ile Yenidoğan Buzağı Yönetimi. Ankara: Neyir Matbaacılık; 2022.
Day N. The diagnosis, differentiation, and pathogenesis of cystic ovarian disease. Veterinary Medicine. 1991;86:753-60.
Bigras-Poulin M, Meek A, Martin S, et al. Health problems in selected Ontario Holstein cows: frequency of occurrences, time to first diagnosis and associations. Preventive veterinary medicine. 1990;10(1-2):79-89.
Watson C. Milk progesterone analysis-an underused asset in fertility control of the dairy cow. Cattle Practice. 1996;4(3):277-80.
Peter AT. An update on cystic ovarian degeneration in cattle. Reprod Domest Anim. 2004;39(1):1-7.
Şenünver A, Nak Y. İnfertilite. In: Semacan A, Kaymaz M, Fındık M, Rişvanlı A, Köker A, editors. Çiftlik Hayvanlarında Doğum ve Jinekoloji. 3 ed. Malatya: Medipres Matbaacılık; 2019. p. 321-67.
Garverick HA. Ovarian follicular cysts in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 1997;80(5):995-1004.
Batmaz H, Türkmen İ, Gümen A, et al. Erken laktasyon döneminin yönetimi ve sağlığı. In: Batmaz H, editor. Sığırlarda Sürü Sağlığı ve Yönetimi. 2 ed. Ankara: Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri; 2021. p. 147-252.
Gümen A, Guenther JN, Wiltbank MC. Follicular Size and Response to Ovsynch Versus Detection of Estrus in Anovular and Ovular Lactating Dairy Cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2003;86(10):3184-94.
Rosales-Torres AM, Sánchez AG, Aguilar CG. Follicular development in domestic ruminants. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems. 2012;15(1):S147-S60.
Kanitz W. Follicular dynamic and ovulation in cattle–a review. Archives Animal Breeding. 2003;46(2):187-98.
Ginther OJ, Beg MA, Donadeu FX, et al. Mechanism of follicle deviation in monovular farm species. Anim Reprod Sci. 2003;78(3-4):239-57.
Wiltbank MC, Gümen A, Sartori R. Physiological classification of anovulatory conditions in cattle. Theriogenology. 2002;57(1):21-52.
Garverick HA, Lucy MC, editors. Reproduction, Events and Management | Estrous Cycles: Postpartum Cyclicity2011.
Peter AT, Vos PLAM, Ambrose DJ. Postpartum anestrus in dairy cattle. Theriogenology. 2009;71(9):1333-42.
Nanda AS, Ward WR, Dobson H. Lack of LH response to oestradiol treatment in cows with cystic ovarian disease and effect of progesterone treatment or manual rupture. Research in Veterinary Science. 1991;51(2):180-4.
Opsomer G. Sütçü ineklerde kistik ovaryum follikülleri. Reprodüksiyon yönetimi teknik bülteni. 2010.
Gümen A, Sartori R, Costa FM, et al. A GnRH/LH surge without subsequent progesterone exposure can induce development of follicular cysts. J Dairy Sci. 2002;85(1):43-50.
Roche JF. The effect of nutritional management of the dairy cow on reproductive efficiency. Anim Reprod Sci. 2006;96(3-4):282-96.
Kawate N, Itami T, Choushi T, et al. Improved conception in timed-artificial insemination using a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device and Ovsynch protocol in postpartum suckled Japanese Black beef cows. Theriogenology. 2004;61(2-3):399-406.
Biran D, Braw-Tal R, Gendelman M, et al. ACTH administration during formation of preovulatory follicles impairs steroidogenesis and angiogenesis in association with ovulation failure in lactating cows. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2015;53:52-9.
Salvetti NR, Acosta JC, Gimeno EJ, et al. Estrogen receptors alpha and beta and progesterone receptors in normal bovine ovarian follicles and cystic ovarian disease. Vet Pathol. 2007;44(3):373-8.
Ortega HH, Marelli BE, Rey F, et al. Molecular aspects of bovine cystic ovarian disease pathogenesis. Reproduction. 2015;149(6):R251-64.
Stassi AF, Baravalle ME, Belotti EM, et al. Altered expression of cytokines IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in bovine follicular persistence. Theriogenology. 2017;97:104-12.
Matiller V, Stangaferro M, Díaz P, et al. Altered Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta Isoforms in Bovine Cystic Ovarian Disease. Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 2014;49(5):813-23.
Hein GJ, Panzani CG, Rodríguez FM, et al. Impaired insulin signaling pathway in ovarian follicles of cows with cystic ovarian disease. Anim Reprod Sci. 2015;156:64-74.
Díaz PU, Stangaferro ML, Gareis NC, et al. Characterization of persistent follicles induced by prolonged treatment with progesterone in dairy cows: An experimental model for the study of ovarian follicular cysts. Theriogenology. 2015;84(7):1149-60.
Lucy MC. Reproductive loss in high-producing dairy cattle: where will it end? J Dairy Sci. 2001;84(6):1277-93.
Zwald NR, Weigel KA, Chang YM, et al. Genetic selection for health traits using producer-recorded data. I. Incidence rates, heritability estimates, and sire breeding values. J Dairy Sci. 2004;87(12):4287-94.
Zwald NR, Weigel KA, Chang YM, et al. Genetic selection for health traits using producer-recorded data. II. Genetic correlations, disease probabilities, and relationships with existing traits. J Dairy Sci. 2004;87(12):4295-302.
Kirk JH, Huffman EM, Lane M. Bovine cystic ovarian disease: hereditary relationships and case study. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1982;181(5):474-6.
Ashmawy AA, Vogt DW, Garverick HA, et al. Incidences and associations of cystic ovaries with production and reproduction traits in dairy cattle1. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics. 1992;109(1-6):129-35.
Gearhart MA, Curtis CR, Erb HN, et al. Relationship of changes in condition score to cow health in Holsteins. J Dairy Sci. 1990;73(11):3132-40.
Cattaneo L, Signorini ML, Bertoli J, et al. Epidemiological description of cystic ovarian disease in argentine dairy herds: risk factors and effects on the reproductive performance of lactating cows. Reprod Domest Anim. 2014;49(6):1028-33.
Laporte HM, Hogeveen H, Schukken YH, et al. Cystic ovarian disease in Dutch dairy cattle, I. Incidence, risk factors and consequences. Livestock Production Science. 1994;38(3):191-7.
Bartolome JA, Thatcher WW, Melendez P, et al. Strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cysts in dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;227(9):1409-14.
De Rensis F, Bottarelli E, Battioni F, et al. Reproductive performance of dairy cows with ovarian cysts after synchronizing ovulation using GnRH or hCG during the warm or cool period of the year. Theriogenology. 2008;69(4):481-4.
Jeengar K, Chaudhary V, Kumar A, et al. Ovarian cysts in dairy cows: old and new concepts for definition, diagnosis and therapy. Animal Reproduction (AR). 2014;11(2):63-73.
Farin PW, Youngquist RS, Parfet JR, et al. Diagnosis of luteal and follicular ovarian cysts by palpation per rectum and linear-array ultrasonography in dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1992;200(8):1085-9.
Jeffcoate IA, Ayliffe TR. An ultrasonographic study of bovine cystic ovarian disease and its treatment. Vet Rec. 1995;136(16):406-10.
BorŞ SI, BorŞ A. Ovarian cysts, an anovulatory condition in dairy cattle. J Vet Med Sci. 2020;82(10):1515-22.
Hanzen C, Pieterse M, Scenczi O, et al. Relative accuracy of the identification of ovarian structures in the cow by ultrasonography and palpation per rectum. Vet J. 2000;159(2):161-70.
DesCôteaux L, Gnemmi G, Colloton J. Ultrasonography of the bovine female genital tract. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2009;25(3):733-52, Table of Contents.
Alaçam E. İnekte infertilite sorunu. In: Alaçam E, editor. Evcil Hayvanlarda Doğum ve İnfetilite. 8 ed: Medisan; 2015. p. 277-302.
Purohit GN. Recent developments in the diagnosis and therapy of repeat breeding cows and buffaloes. CAB Rev: Perspect Agric Vet Sci, Nutr Nat Res. 2008;3(62):1-34.
Kesler DJ, Garverick HA. Ovarian cysts in dairy cattle: a review. J Anim Sci. 1982;55(5):1147-59.
Day N. The treatment and prevention of cystic ovarian disease. Vet Med. 1991;86:761-6.
López-Gatius F, López-Béjar M. Reproductive performance of dairy cows with ovarian cysts after different GnRH and cloprostenol treatments. Theriogenology. 2002;58(7):1337-48.
Dobson H, Rankin JE, Ward WR. Bovine cystic ovarian disease: plasma hormone concentrations and treatment. Vet Rec. 1977;101(23):459-61.
Lievaart JJ, Parlevliet JM, Dieleman SJ, et al. [Transvaginal aspiration as first treatment of ovarian follicular cysts in dairy cattle under field circumstances]. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 2006;131(12):438-42.
Garverick HA, Kesler DJ, Cantley TC, et al. Hormone response of dairy cows with ovarian cysts after treatment with HCG or GnRH. Theriogenology. 1976;6(4):413-25.
Kesler DJ, Garverick HA, Caudle AB, et al. Clinical and Endocrine Response of Dairy Cows with Ovarian Cysts to GnRH and PGF2α. Journal of Animal Science. 1978;46(3):719-25.
Bartolome JA, Sozzi A, McHale J, et al. Resynchronization of ovulation and timed insemination in lactating dairy cows, II: assigning protocols according to stages of the estrous cycle, or presence of ovarian cysts or anestrus. Theriogenology. 2005;63(6):1628-42.
Bartolome JA, Archbald LF, Morresey P, et al. Comparison of synchronization of ovulation and induction of estrus as therapeutic strategies for bovine ovarian cysts in the dairy cow. Theriogenology. 2000;53(3):815-25.
Ambrose DJ, Schmitt EJ, Lopes FL, et al. Ovarian and endocrine responses associated with the treatment of cystic ovarian follicles in dairy cows with gonadotropin releasing hormone and prostaglandin F2alpha, with or without exogenous progesterone. Can Vet J. 2004;45(11):931-7.
