Kuraklık ve Tuzlulukta Mikorizal Fungus ve Rizobakteri Temelli Rizosfer Yönetimi: Bitki Beslenmesi ve Besin Kullanım Etkinliği

Yazarlar

Feyzullah Öztürk
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2468-9098
Veysi Akşahin
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4406-9275
Sedef Özden
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3180-5779

Özet

Kuraklık ve tuzluluk, rizosferde su ve besin elementlerinin hareketliliğini, köklerin besin alımını ve mikrobiyal faaliyetleri sınırlandırarak bitki gelişimini ve besin kullanım etkinliğini olumsuz etkilemektedir. Bu koşullarda arbusküler mikorizal funguslar (AMF) ve bitki gelişimini teşvik eden rizobakteriler (PGPR), rizosferin biyolojik yönetiminde önemli potansiyel taşımaktadır. Kuraklık ve tuzluluk stresleri altında AMF ve PGPR uygulamalarının bitki beslenmesine katkıları, özellikle azot (N) ve fosfor (P) kazanımı ile kullanım etkinliği açısından değerlendirilmiş; potasyum/sodyum (K⁺/Na⁺) dengesi, demir (Fe) ve çinko (Zn) beslenmesi tamamlayıcı mekanizmalar olarak ele alınmıştır. AMF, kök dışı hifleri aracılığıyla özellikle P kazanımını desteklerken PGPR; biyolojik N fiksasyonu, fosfat çözündürme ve kök gelişiminin düzenlenmesi yoluyla besin yarayışlılığını ve alımını artırabilmektedir. Bu mikroorganizmaların birlikte uygulanması tamamlayıcı etkiler oluşturabilmekle birlikte, etkinlikleri bitki–mikroorganizma–toprak uyumuna, başlangıçtaki besin düzeyine ve stresin şiddetine bağlı olarak değişmektedir. Besin kazanımındaki artışın her zaman biyokütle veya verim artışına dönüşmemesi, mikrobiyal uygulamaların toplam besin alımı ve kullanım etkinliği göstergeleriyle birlikte değerlendirilmesini gerektirmektedir. Sonuç olarak, AMF ve PGPR temelli rizosfer yönetiminin uygun gübreleme ve sulama stratejileriyle bütünleştirilmesi, kuraklık ve tuzluluk koşullarında besin kaynaklarının daha etkin kullanılmasına ve sürdürülebilir bitkisel üretimin desteklenmesine katkı sağlayabilir.

Referanslar

Gebrechorkos, S.H., et al., Warming accelerates global drought severity. Nature, 2025. 642(8068): p. 628-635.

Corwin, D.L., Climate change impacts on soil salinity in agricultural areas. European Journal of Soil Science, 2021. 72(2): p. 842-862.

Bista, D.R., et al., Effects of drought on nutrient uptake and the levels of nutrient-uptake proteins in roots of drought-sensitive and-tolerant grasses. Plants, 2018. 7(2): p. 28.

Munns, R. and M. Tester, Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 2008. 59: p. 651-681.

Penuelas, J., F. Coello, and J. Sardans, A better use of fertilizers is needed for global food security and environmental sustainability. Agriculture & Food Security, 2023. 12(1): p. 5.

Mahmud, K., et al., Rhizosphere microbiome manipulation for sustainable crop production. Current Plant Biology, 2021. 27: p. 100210.

Singh, A., et al., Phyto-microbiome to mitigate abiotic stress in crop plants. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2023. 14: p. 1210890.

Kuzyakov, Y. and B.S. Razavi, Rhizosphere size and shape: temporal dynamics and spatial stationarity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2019. 135: p. 343-360.

O'Callaghan, M., R.A. Ballard, and D. Wright, Soil microbial inoculants for sustainable agriculture: Limitations and opportunities. Soil Use and Management, 2022. 38(3): p. 1340-1369.

Lopes, L.D., et al., Sugars and jasmonic acid concentration in root exudates affect maize rhizosphere bacterial communities. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2022. 88(18): p. e00971-22.

Xu, Y., et al., Mycorrhizal fungi alter root exudation to cultivate a beneficial microbiome for plant growth. Functional Ecology, 2023. 37(3): p. 664-675.

Congreves, K.A., et al., Nitrogen use efficiency definitions of today and tomorrow. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2021. 12: p. 637108.

Richardson, A.E., et al., Plant and microbial strategies to improve the phosphorus efficiency of agriculture. Plant and soil, 2011. 349(1): p. 121-156.

Smith, S.E. and F.A. Smith, Roles of arbuscular mycorrhizas in plant nutrition and growth: new paradigms from cellular to ecosystem scales. Annual review of plant biology, 2011. 62(1): p. 227-250.

Backer, R., et al., Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria: context, mechanisms of action, and roadmap to commercialization of biostimulants for sustainable agriculture. Frontiers in plant science, 2018. 9: p. 402666.

Nacoon, S., et al., Interaction between phosphate solubilizing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth promotion and tuber inulin content of Helianthus tuberosus L. Scientific reports, 2020. 10(1): p. 4916.

Ortas, I., et al., Growth media and mycorrhizal species effect on acclimatization and nutrient uptake of banana plantlets. Scientia horticulturae, 2017. 217: p. 55-60.

Boutasknit, A., et al., Assemblage of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and green waste compost enhance drought stress tolerance in carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) trees. Scientific Reports, 2021. 11(1): p. 22835.

Nehela, Y., et al., The integrated amendment of sodic-saline soils using biochar and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhances maize (Zea mays L.) resilience to water salinity. Plants, 2021. 10(9): p. 1960.

Akpinar, C. and I. Ortas, Impact of different doses of phosphorus fertilizer application on wheat yield, soil-plant nutrient uptake and soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 2023. 54(11): p. 1537-1546.

He, M. and F.A. Dijkstra, Drought effect on plant nitrogen and phosphorus: a meta‐analysis. New Phytologist, 2014. 204(4): p. 924-931.

Kang, J., Y. Peng, and W. Xu, Crop root responses to drought stress: molecular mechanisms, nutrient regulations, and interactions with microorganisms in the rhizosphere. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2022. 23(16): p. 9310.

Liu, C., et al., Drought is threatening plant growth and soil nutrients of grassland ecosystems: A meta‐analysis. Ecology and Evolution, 2023. 13(5): p. e10092.

Hosseini, S.S., A. Lakzian, and B.S. Razavi, Reduction in root active zones under drought stress controls spatial distribution and catalytic efficiency of enzyme activities in rhizosphere of wheat. Rhizosphere, 2022. 23: p. 100561.

Zou, Y., Y. Zhang, and C. Testerink, Root dynamic growth strategies in response to salinity. Plant, Cell & Environment, 2022. 45(3): p. 695-704.

Li, X., et al., High salinity inhibits soil bacterial community mediating nitrogen cycling. Applied and environmental microbiology, 2021. 87(21): p. e01366-21.

Jarrell, W. and R. Beverly, The dilution effect in plant nutrition studies. Advances in agronomy, 1981. 34: p. 197-224.

Tang, B., et al., Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi benefit plants in response to major global change factors. Ecology Letters, 2023. 26(12): p. 2087-2097.

Pauwels, R., J. Graefe, and M. Bitterlich, An arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus alters soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity in a soil texture specific way. Mycorrhiza, 2023. 33(3): p. 165-179.

Bitterlich, M., et al., Drought accentuates the role of mycorrhiza in phosphorus uptake, part II–The intraradical enzymatic response. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2024. 193: p. 109414.

Zaman, F., et al., The pivotal role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in enhancing plant biomass and nutrient availability under drought stress conditions: A global meta-analysis. Science of The Total Environment, 2024. 955: p. 176960.

Chandrasekaran, M., et al., A meta-analysis of arbuscular mycorrhizal effects on plants grown under salt stress. Mycorrhiza, 2014. 24(8): p. 611-625.

Han, S., et al., Enhancing salt tolerance in poplar seedlings through arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis. Plants, 2024. 13(2): p. 233.

Peng, Z.-c., et al., Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance soybean phosphorus uptake and soil fertility under saline-alkaline stress. Scientific Reports, 2025. 15(1): p. 31792.

Incesu, M., et al., Influences of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Diospyros lotus seedlings under salinity stress. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2025. 16: p. 1595144.

Ehinmitan, E., et al., Biosolutions for green agriculture: unveiling the diverse roles of plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria. International Journal of Microbiology, 2024. 2024(1): p. 6181491.

Sarma, A.K. and K. Deka, Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: An option for reducing abiotic stress in plant. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 2024. 55(15): p. 2267-2284.

Saad, M.M., A.A. Eida, and H. Hirt, Tailoring plant-associated microbial inoculants in agriculture: a roadmap for successful application. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2020. 71(13): p. 3878-3901.

Nadeem, S.M., et al., Appraising the potential of EPS‐producing rhizobacteria with ACC‐deaminase activity to improve growth and physiology of maize under drought stress. Physiologia plantarum, 2021. 172(2): p. 463-476.

Benmrid, B., et al., Drought-tolerant rhizobacteria with predicted functional traits enhanced wheat growth and P uptake under moderate drought and low P-availability. Microbiological Research, 2024. 285: p. 127795.

Marik, D., et al., Peribacillus frigoritolerans T7-IITJ, a potential biofertilizer, induces plant growth-promoting genes of Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2024. 135(4): p. lxae066.

Dong, H., et al., Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa HG28-5 improves salt tolerance by regulating Na+/K+ homeostasis and ABA signaling pathway in tomato. Microbiological Research, 2024. 283: p. 127707.

Ullah, N., et al., Appraisal for organic amendments and plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria to enhance crop productivity under drought stress: A review. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 2021. 207(5): p. 783-802.

Shahid, M., et al., Stress-tolerant endophytic isolate Priestia aryabhattai BPR-9 modulates physio-biochemical mechanisms in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for enhanced salt tolerance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022. 19(17): p. 10883.

Savastano, N. and H. Bais, Synergism or antagonism: do arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria work together to benefit plants? international journal of plant biology, 2024. 15(4): p. 944-958.

Wang, G., et al., Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance plant phosphorus uptake through stimulating hyphosphere soil microbiome functional profiles for phosphorus turnover. New phytologist, 2023. 238(6): p. 2578-2593.

Ganugi, P., et al., A response surface methodology approach to improve nitrogen use efficiency in maize by an optimal mycorrhiza-to-Bacillus co-inoculation rate. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2022. 13: p. 956391.

Silva, A.M., et al., Can arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobacteria facilitate 33P uptake in maize plants under water stress? Microbiological research, 2023. 271: p. 127350.

OpenAI. Kuraklık ve tuzluluk koşullarında AMF ve PGPR temelli rizosfer yönetiminin bitki beslenmesine katkı sağlayabileceği başlıca süreçler [Yapay zekâ ile oluşturulmuş görsel]. 2026; Available from: https://chatgpt.com/.

Begum, N., et al., Co-inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria improve growth and photosynthesis in tobacco under drought stress by up-regulating antioxidant and mineral nutrition metabolism. Microbial ecology, 2022. 83(4): p. 971-988.

Ashwin, R., D.J. Bagyaraj, and B.M. Raju, Dual inoculation with rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus improves water stress tolerance and productivity in soybean. Plant Stress, 2022. 4: p. 100084.

Pérez-Moncada, U.A., et al., Design of microbial consortia based on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, yeasts, and bacteria to improve the biochemical, nutritional, and physiological status of strawberry plants growing under water deficits. Plants, 2024. 13(11): p. 1556.

Dere, S., Mitigating the adverse effects of salt stress on pepper plants through arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and beneficial bacterial (PGPR) inoculation. Horticulturae, 2024. 10(11): p. 1150.

Ouhaddou, R., et al., Application of indigenous rhizospheric microorganisms and local compost as enhancers of lettuce growth, development, and salt stress tolerance. Microorganisms, 2022. 10(8): p. 1625.

Hui, Q., et al., Inoculation with salt‐tolerant rhizobia and AMF regulates K+/Na+ homeostasis in Robinia pseudoacacia L. alleviating salinity. Plant, Cell & Environment, 2026. 49(7): p. 4116-4133.

Veneklaas, E.J., et al., Opportunities for improving phosphorus‐use efficiency in crop plants. New phytologist, 2012. 195(2): p. 306-320.

OpenAI. Kuraklık ve tuzluluk koşullarında besin edinim etkinliği ile bitki içi kullanım etkinliğinin bileşenleri [Yapay zekâ ile oluşturulmuş görsel]. 2026; Available from: https://chatgpt.com/.

de Paiva, A.P.L., et al., Azospirillum Brasilense Inoculation Combined with Different Levels of Nitrogen Fertilization and Its Effects on the Grain Sorghum Subjected to Water Restriction. Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo, 2021. 20.

Varinderpal-Singh, et al., Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and proximal sensing for improving nutrient use efficiencies in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Plant Nutrition, 2022. 45(9): p. 1291-1304.

Işık, M., et al., Uzun Süreli Farklı Dozlarda Fosfor Uygulamalarının Mısır Bitkisinin Fosfor Kullanım Etkinliğinin Belirlenmesi. Toprak Su Dergisi, 2021: p. 25-30.

Akpinar, C., Interaction of phosphorus chemical fertilizer and biochar application on wheat plant. Latin American Applied Research-An International Journal, 2024. 54(2): p. 287-292.

Püschel, D., et al., Drought accentuates the role of mycorrhiza in phosphorus uptake. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2021. 157: p. 108243.

Zaib, S., et al., Plant Growth‐Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) Reduce Adverse Effects of Salinity and Drought Stresses by Regulating Nutritional Profile of Barley. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 2023. 2023(1): p. 7261784.

Masrahi, A.S., et al., Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphate solubilizing bacteria in improving yield, yield components, and nutrients uptake of barley under salinity soil. Agriculture, 2023. 13(3): p. 537.

Ezzati Lotfabadi, Z., et al., Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species improve the fatty acids profile and nutrients status of soybean cultivars grown under drought stress. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2022. 132(3): p. 2177-2188.

Zhang, S., et al., Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increase grain yields: a meta‐analysis. New Phytologist, 2019. 222(1): p. 543-555.

Valenzuela, T., et al., Systematic review reveals gaps in standardized protocol to determine efficacy of PGPB use in plants grown under abiotic stress conditions at the field level. Rhizosphere, 2025: p. 101190.

Treseder, K.K., The extent of mycorrhizal colonization of roots and its influence on plant growth and phosphorus content. Plant and Soil, 2013. 371(1): p. 1-13.

Sharma, S., et al., The interaction between Rhizoglomus irregulare and hyphae attached phosphate solubilizing bacteria increases plant biomass of Solanum lycopersicum. Microbiological research, 2020. 240: p. 126556.

Fadiji, A.E., et al., Formulation challenges associated with microbial biofertilizers in sustainable agriculture and paths forward. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment, 2024. 3(3): p. e70006.

OpenAI. Mikrobiyal inokulum seçimi ve tarla doğrulaması [Yapay zekâ ile oluşturulmuş görsel]. 2026; Available from: https://chatgpt.com/.

Yayınlanan

11 Kasım 2026

Lisans

Lisans