Küresel Salgın Döneminde Psikotik Bozukluklar ve Bipolar Bozukluklar
Özet
COVID-19 salgını, genel toplumun yanı sıra özellikle psikotik ve bipolar bozukluk gibi ağır ruhsal hastalığı olan bireyleri bedensel ve ruhsal açılardan olumsuz etkilemiş, bu grupta enfeksiyon sıklığı, hastaneye yatış ve ölüm oranları daha yüksek saptanmıştır. Bu kırılganlığın arkasında; engelli bakım evleri ve psikiyatri klinikleri gibi toplu yaşam alanlarında kalma zorunluluğu, hijyen ile sosyal mesafe kurallarını uygulamada yaşanan bilişsel güçlükler, toplumsal damgalanma nedeniyle sağlık hizmetlerine erişimde yaşanan engeller, yüksek sigara kullanımı ve kardiyometabolik bedensel ektanılar yer almaktadır. Ayrıca, hem ağır ruhsal hastalıklarda hem de şiddetli COVID-19 tablosunda görülen bağışıklık sistemi bozuklukları, subklinik inflamasyon, RAS gen polimorfizmleri gibi kalıtımsal faktörler ve psikotrop ilaçlar ile viral enfeksiyon arasındaki etkileşimler biyolojik duyarlılığı artırmaktadır. Karantina ve sosyal izolasyon süreçleri bu hastaların dar olan sosyal ağlarını daha da kısıtlayarak reaktif psikoz, anksiyete, depresyon, intihar düşüncesi ve alkol/madde kullanımını tetiklemiştir. Öte yandan salgın, daha önce psikiyatrik öyküsü olmayan bireylerde de nörotropizm, otoimmünite, sitokin fırtınasına bağlı nöroinflamasyon, yoğun psikososyal stres ve kortikosteroid tedavilerinin iyatrojenik etkileri gibi olası mekanizmalarla ilk epizod psikoz vakalarında artışa yol açmıştır.
The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected the general public as well as individuals with severe mental illnesses such as psychotic and bipolar disorders both physically and mentally, resulting in higher infection frequency, hospitalization, and mortality rates in this group. Behind this vulnerability lie factors such as the necessity of staying in communal living areas like care homes and psychiatric clinics, cognitive difficulties in implementing hygiene and social distancing rules, barriers in accessing healthcare due to social stigma, high smoking rates, and cardiometabolic physical comorbidities. Furthermore, immune system dysregulation, subclinical inflammation, hereditary factors like RAS gene polymorphisms, and interactions between psychotropic drugs and the viral infection, which are observed in both severe mental illnesses and severe COVID-19, increase biological susceptibility. Quarantine and social isolation processes have further restricted the already narrow social networks of these patients, triggering reactive psychosis, anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, and alcohol/substance use. On the other hand, the pandemic has also led to an increase in first-episode psychosis cases in individuals without a prior psychiatric history through potential mechanisms such as neurotropism, autoimmunity, neuroinflammation related to cytokine storms, intense psychosocial stress, and the iatrogenic effects of corticosteroid treatments.
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